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AQA A-level Sociology > Education - Gender Differences > Flashcards

Education - Gender Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

What achievement trends have been observed between genders in education since the 1980s?

A

Girls outperform boys at all levels and in most subjects, with girls being 10% points ahead at GCSE and more likely to pass AS and A-Level with higher grades.

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2
Q

What is the ratio of girls to boys entering higher education?

A

120:100

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3
Q

What external factors contribute to the improvement in girls’ educational achievements?

A

Factors include home and family influences, as well as internal factors within schools.

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4
Q

What changes in the education system have contributed to gender equality?

A

The National Curriculum (1988) allowed girls to study the same subjects as boys, including sciences, leading to a more meritocratic education system.

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5
Q

What is the percentage of male teachers in England?

A

26% of all teachers are men, with 38% male in secondary and 15% male in primary.

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6
Q

True or False: According to Sewell (2006), boys have fallen behind due to the feminisation of education.

A

True

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7
Q

What did Spender (1983) find regarding teachers attention?

A

More attention given to boys than girls

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8
Q

What did Francis (2001) discover about boys’ treatment in classrooms?

A

Boys received more attention, were disciplined more harshly, and felt teachers had lower expectations of them.

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9
Q

What is the impact of marketization policies on girls’ educational success?

A

Girls are generally seen as more educationally attractive, leading to better school placements and higher achievement.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Evidence suggests that school-girls work ______ than boys.

A

harder

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11
Q

What factors contribute to boys’ poorer literacy skills?

A

Less time spent reading by parents and leisure activities that do not encourage communication skills.

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12
Q

What is the ‘lads’ classroom culture?

A

A culture where boys disrupt classes to earn respect from peers, leading to lower academic attainment.

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13
Q

What does the University College London research (2020) say about boys’ ambitions?

A

Boys have more ambitious aims for higher education compared to girls, even with the same academic results.

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14
Q

What has been the trend in GCSE results for girls in Northern Ireland as of 2023?

A

Girls continue to achieve higher GCSE results compared to boys.

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15
Q

What significant impact did feminism have on girls’ education since the 1960s?

A

Feminism raised girls’ self-image, expectations, and self-esteem, motivating them to perform better in education.

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16
Q

How have changes in family structure since the 1970s impacted female educational achievement?

A

Increased single-parent families and economic independence have motivated women to pursue education.

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17
Q

What is the effect of lacking male role models at home on boys’ education?

A

Boys may develop a ‘laddish’ sub-culture leading to underachievement.

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18
Q

What is the relationship between globalization and boys’ educational aspirations?

A

The decline of traditional male jobs has led to a male identity crisis, reducing boys’ motivation to achieve academically.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Boys are more likely to choose ______ and ______ subjects post-16.

A

Maths, Physics

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20
Q

What did the Youth Sport Trust study (2023) reveal about girls’ enjoyment of PE?

A

The gap between boys and girls enjoying PE lessons is widening, with only 59% of girls expressing enjoyment.

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21
Q

What are some reasons girls may not enjoy PE in schools?

A
  • Low confidence
  • Outdated sports curriculum
  • Fear of judgement
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22
Q

What proposal did the Department for Education suggest to improve girls’ access to sports?

A

Encouraging schools to offer a minimum of two hours of physical education a week.

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23
Q

What does Connell (1995) argue about schools and masculinity?

A

Schools reproduce ‘hegemonic masculinity’, which subordinates female and gay identities.

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24
Q

What are the consequences of name-calling in schools as per feminist views?

A

Girls are labeled negatively for sexual availability, while boys face no equivalent terms, leading to social control.

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25
What is 'hegemonic masculinity'?
The dominance of heterosexual masculine identity with the subordination of female and gay identities. ## Footnote This concept is often discussed in the context of gender studies and education.
26
How do feminists view the role of schools in society?
As a form of social control that reproduces the patriarchy. ## Footnote Feminists argue that schools reinforce traditional gender roles and power dynamics.
27
What term do boys use to demean girls who appear sexually available?
'Slags'. ## Footnote This reflects the use of derogatory language to enforce gender norms.
28
What do anti-school working-class boys call those who work hard?
'Dickhead achievers'. ## Footnote This term highlights peer pressure and the stigma associated with academic success among certain groups.
29
What impact do single-sex schools have on subject choice?
Pupils tend to have less stereotyped subject images and choose less traditional subjects. ## Footnote Research shows girls in single-sex schools are more likely to take subjects like maths and science.
30
What influences subject choice according to peer dynamics?
Peer pressure can lead to disapproval of certain subject choices, particularly for boys in drama or music. ## Footnote This reflects how social acceptance can dictate educational paths.
31
What did Haywood and Mac an Ghaill find regarding teachers attitudes to behaviour?
Teachers enforce gender attitudes, telling boys off for 'behaving like girls' and ignoring boys' verbal abuse of girls. ## Footnote This highlights the role of educators in perpetuating gender norms.
32
What is one policy aimed at raising boys' literacy skills?
The Reading Champions Scheme. ## Footnote This initiative was designed to address boys' literacy rates by engaging their interests.
33
What is a consequence of the moral panic around 'failing boys'?
Neglect of problems faced by female pupils, such as sexual harassment. ## Footnote Ringrose argues that the focus on boys' underachievement distracts from girls' issues.
34
What is one factor that contributes to girls outperforming boys in education?
The introduction of coursework, which benefits girls' systematic studying approach. ## Footnote Coursework allows for different assessment types that may favor girls' learning styles.
35
What has been the trend in educational achievement since the 1980s?
Girls have outperformed boys at all levels and in most subjects. ## Footnote This shift indicates significant changes in gender dynamics within education.
36
How does the feminization of education affect boys?
Boys have fallen behind as education has become feminized. ## Footnote Sewell argues that this shift has created challenges for boys in the educational environment.
37
What is the 'halo effect' in education?
A bias towards pupils seen as 'academic' and 'diligent', often favoring female students. ## Footnote This can lead to unequal subject channeling based on perceived academic potential.
38
What does the 'male gaze' refer to in educational settings?
The way female students may be deterred from 'masculine' subjects due to fear of being treated differently by male teachers. ## Footnote This concept highlights the impact of gender dynamics on subject choice.
39
What role does peer pressure play in subject choice for boys?
Boys may opt out of music to avoid negative responses from peers. ## Footnote This reflects the influence of social norms on educational decisions.
40
What is one reason girls are more motivated in education?
Higher expectations from teachers. ## Footnote Research indicates that girls receive more encouragement and support in academic settings.
41
How have changes in family structure impacted female educational achievement?
Increased economic independence for women has motivated them to obtain good qualifications. ## Footnote The rise in single-parent families led by women has changed societal expectations.
42
What is the 'ladette culture'?
A culture where girls adopt behaviors that contradict traditional femininity, potentially lowering educational aspirations. ## Footnote This phenomenon can lead to conflicts between personal identity and academic expectations.
43
What is one external factor affecting boys' educational achievement?
The male anti-learning subculture. ## Footnote This subculture promotes behaviors that are contrary to academic success among boys.
44
What is one way external factors may affect gender differences in educational achievement?
Factors such as socialization and parental attitudes may influence educational outcomes.
45
What are two ways factors within schools may shape gender differences in subject choice?
* Teacher expectations * Curriculum choices
46
What is one reason for gender differences in educational achievement?
Feminism has raised girls' expectations and motivated them to perform well.
47
True or False: Boys are more likely than girls to be assessed as having special educational needs.
True
48
What is the feminization of education?
The increase of female teachers and the influence of feminine perspectives in the curriculum.
49
According to Mitsos and Browne (1998), why do girls perform better in coursework?
Girls are more conscientious and organized.
50
Fill in the blank: The National Curriculum (1988) mandates that girls study the same subjects as _______.
boys
51
What is the main argument of Connell (1995) regarding schools?
Schools reproduce 'hegemonic masculinity'.
52
What did Sharpe (1994) find about girls' priorities from the 1970s to the 1990s?
Shifted from love and marriage to careers and independence.
53
What does the term 'bedroom culture' refer to?
The socialization of girls through communication and relationships at home.
54
According to the National Literacy Trust (2019), what percentage of boys were keen readers compared to girls?
47% of boys, 60% of girls.
55
What impact did globalization have on traditional male jobs?
Decline in heavy industries leading to a male identity crisis and lower aspirations.
56
At GCSE, how much higher are girls' grades compared to boys'?
Girls are 10 points ahead.
57
What did Epstein (1998) find regarding pro-school working-class boys?
They were subjected to verbal abuse.
58
What did Swann (1998) conclude about classroom dynamics between boys and girls?
Boys dominate discussions while girls excel at listening and cooperation.
59
Fill in the blank: The Equality Act 2010 prohibits ______ in education.
Discrimination
60
What did Wikeley and Stables (1996) find regarding boys' motivation?
Boys' lack of motivation is linked to stringent discipline.
61
What percentage of full A* grades did girls achieve in England in 2019?
Girls received 2/3 of full A* grades.
62
What is the relationship between gender and subject choice in post-16 education?
Boys typically choose Maths and Physics; girls prefer Modern Languages and English.
63
What is one effect of the lack of male role models at home?
It may negatively impact boys' educational achievement.
64
True or False: The male anti-learning subculture encourages academic success.
False

AQA A-level Sociology (21 decks)

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