Education - Social Class Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
What does B.A.M.E. stand for?
A
Black, Asian, Minority Ethnic
This term is often considered narrow and has been replaced by ‘ethnic minorities’.
2
Q
Define Cultural Deprivation Theory.
A
Belief that working-class children lack the ‘right’ culture needed for educational success.
3
Q
What are elaborated speech codes?
A
Pupils with a wider vocabulary and ability to form complex sentences.
4
Q
What does the term ‘Habitus’ refer to?
A
The way a social class thinks and acts – what is normal for ‘people like us’.
5
Q
What is the hidden curriculum?
A
The (often hidden) norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom.
6
Q
What is labelling in the context of education?
A
Terms/definitions we attach to a group to understand them, such as ‘smart girls’.
7
Q
Define Material Deprivation.
A
Poverty.
8
Q
What does ‘off-rolling’ mean?
A
Removing weaker pupils from exams to improve League Table results.
9
Q
What is Ofsted?
A
Office for Standards in Education (English school inspectors).
10
Q
What are pupil subcultures?
A
How pupils respond to education, which can be positive or negative.
11
Q
Explain the Pygmalion Effect.
A
Teachers improve pupil performance as they believe the pupils are talented.
12
Q
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A
The belief that ‘what teachers believe: pupils achieve’.
13
Q
What is a subculture in education?
A
A group within a group, such as ‘The Lads’ (Willis) who are disaffected pupils.
14
Q
How does social class/income impact educational achievement?
A
Inequality holds children back from reaching their full potential.
15
Q
What percentage of the poorest pupils fail to pass English Language?
A
38%.
16
Q
What is the failure rate of the poorest pupils in passing all three sciences?
A
15%.
17
Q
What percentage of disadvantaged pupils achieved a grade 4 or above in GCSE English and Maths in 2018?
A
47%.
18
Q
What was the attainment gap between poorer pupils and their peers before the pandemic?
A
About 18 months.
19
Q
What are the three key factors affecting working-class pupils’ exam performance?
A
- School Factors
- Cultural Factors
- Material Factors
20
Q
What is the role of education according to sociologists?
A
Education serves the needs of the workplace and influences students via social values and norms.
21
Q
What does Becker (1961) argue about teachers and middle-class children?
A
Teachers prefer to teach middle-class children rather than working-class pupils.
22
Q
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
A
A prediction that comes true simply because it has been made.
23
Q
What did Robert Rosenthal’s Pygmalion Effect study reveal?
A
Teachers’ expectations of certain pupils affected their actual performance.
24
Q
What is ‘off-rolling’?
A
Removing low-achieving pupils from rolls to enhance school performance metrics.
25
What is streaming in education?
Grouping students based on perceived ability, often leading to self-fulfilling prophecies.
26
What are pro-school subcultures?
Groups formed by pupils in higher streams who enjoy school and participate actively.
27
What are anti-school subcultures?
Groups formed by pupils in lower streams who reject school values and rules.
28
What is the 'Nike Identity' as discussed by Archer et al?
An identity constructed by pupils based on branded sportswear, differentiating them from middle-class peers.
29
What is cultural capital?
Values, attitudes, and languages that contribute to educational success.
30
What is Bourdieu's concept of habitus?
The dispositions and habits of a social class that influence behavior and perceptions.
31
What is symbolic violence in education?
The negative judgement of working-class pupils' cultural traits by the education system.
32
What did the Sutton Trust find about disadvantaged pupils in 2019?
9,000 disadvantaged pupils were not taking exams or being recorded in school GCSE league tables.
33
What percentage of children attend private schools in the UK?
7%.
34
What was the average fee for private schools in the UK?
Approximately £18,000 per year.
35
What is the average grade difference between private and state school pupils at A levels?
On average, private school pupils achieve one grade higher.
36
What are the four key features of the working-class subculture that act as barriers to educational achievement?
* Fatalism
* Collectivism
* Immediate gratification
* Present-time orientation
37
What does the Cultural Deprivation Theory state about working-class and black children?
They lack the ‘right’ culture needed for educational success.
38
What is Cultural Deprivation Theory?
It notes that many working-class and black children lack the ‘right’ culture needed for educational success.
## Footnote
Middle-class parents transfer positive educational values to their children, while some working-class parents fail to transmit key values, attitudes, and skills needed for educational success.
39
How do middle-class parents protect their children's educational success according to Goldthorpe?
Through 'Loss Aversion' by paying for the best pre-school, buying houses in good school areas, hiring private tutors, and arranging enriching experiences.
## Footnote
The phenomenon of the 'tiger mother' also emphasizes pushing children academically.
40
What factor did Douglas identify as most important for educational attainment?
Parental interest in the child’s education.
## Footnote
A disinterested parent may lead to a disinterested child, affecting working-class children more due to their parents' educational levels.
41
List the three main aspects of cultural deprivation.
* Intellectual Development
* Language
* Attitudes and values
42
How does cultural deprivation affect intellectual development according to theorists?
Many working-class homes lack books and educational toys, which are needed to stimulate intellectual skills.
## Footnote
Douglas believes working-class pupils score lower on tests due to less parental support in educational activities.
43
What did Bernstein and Young find regarding middle-class mothers?
They are more likely to choose toys that encourage thinking and reasoning skills.
## Footnote
This prepares children better for school.
44
What claim did Bereiter and Engelmann make about lower-class homes?
The language used is deficient, leading to failure in developing necessary language skills.
## Footnote
This impacts children's ability to take advantage of school opportunities.
45
Describe the difference between elaborated and restricted speech codes.
* Elaborated speech code: used by middle-class with a wider vocabulary and complex sentences.
* Restricted speech code: used by working-class, less developed language.
46
According to Douglas, what is the impact of working-class parents on their children's education?
They place less value on education and are less ambitious for their children, lowering achievement levels.
## Footnote
Feinstein noted lack of interest was a key reason for pupil underachievement.
47
What is Hyman's view on lower-class subculture?
He believes it acts as a 'self-imposed barrier' to educational success.
## Footnote
Working-class children may not know how to attain educational success.
48
What does Sugarman argue about working-class children?
They internalize their subculture, leading to underachievement at school.
## Footnote
Cultural deprivation theorists argue they prefer immediate gratification.
49
What criticism does Keddie make of Cultural Deprivation Theory?
It ignores factors like income and blames the victim for their failure.
## Footnote
Keddie argues that working-class children are culturally different, not deprived.
50
How does material deprivation affect educational attainment?
* Finance/income issues
* Poor housing and diet
* Affluent areas funding local schools
51
What impact does income have on middle class educational opportunities according to Feinstein?
Middle-class parents promote high expectations and spend more on educational resources.
52
What did the Sutton Trust report reveal about private tuition?
27% of 11-16-year-olds have received private tuition, compounding educational inequalities.
## Footnote
Wealthier families disproportionately buy more tuition.
53
How do poor housing and diet affect education according to Douglas?
They reduce opportunities for homework and lead to health issues that impact concentration and attendance.
54
What is the effect of homelessness on children's education?
Homeless children face disadvantages that hinder their educational success.
## Footnote
Shelter reported 136,000 children registered as homeless in the UK.
55
What does the concept of the Socio-economic Premium refer to?
The advantages private school attendance provides over a lifetime.
56
What did Elliot Major identify as a problem in English education regarding working-class children?
They are treated as 'inferior' and required to become 'middle-class clones' to succeed.
57
What recommendations does Elliot Major make for schools?
* Challenge unconscious bias
* Celebrate working-class achievements
* 'Poverty proof' the school day
58
What does Elliot Major suggest as an alternative term for low-income families?
'Under-resourced' instead of 'disadvantaged'.
59
What is the impact of exam questions loaded with assumptions?
They disadvantage children from working-class backgrounds.
60
What does Becker argue about teachers' judgments of pupils?
Teachers judge pupils based on how well they fit the image of the 'ideal pupil', favoring middle-class pupils.
## Footnote
This perspective highlights the bias in educational assessment based on socio-economic background.
61
What is the impact of streaming on pupil IQ according to Douglas?
Pupil IQ fell when placed in the bottom stream.
## Footnote
This suggests that streaming can negatively affect students' academic self-perception and performance.
62
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?
The belief that if a teacher labels a student as 'stupid', the student is likely to fail due to that label.
## Footnote
This concept illustrates how teacher expectations can influence student performance.
63
What are cultural deprivation theories?
Theories suggesting that working-class parents fail to transmit key values for educational success.
## Footnote
These theories argue that cultural factors can disadvantage working-class children in education.
64
Define 'habitus' according to Bourdieu.
Habitus refers to the dispositions and cultural capital that middle-class pupils impose on the education system.
## Footnote
Bourdieu's concept explains how social class influences educational success.
65
What is the restricted code of language as noted by Bernstein?
The restricted code is characterized by limited vocabulary and simple sentences used by working-class children.
## Footnote
This linguistic limitation can hinder academic performance in written assessments.
66
Fill in the blank: The theory that middle-class parents emphasize active learning and the benefits of _______ is supported by Feinstein.
[school trips]
## Footnote
This highlights the advantages middle-class children have in educational environments.
67
True or False: Working-class subcultures promote deferred gratification.
False
## Footnote
Working-class subcultures often emphasize immediate gratification, which can negatively impact educational achievement.
68
What does the term 'symbolic violence' refer to in the context of education?
The imposition of middle-class values on working-class pupils, leading to the devaluation of their cultural identities.
## Footnote
This concept illustrates how educational systems can perpetuate social inequalities.
69
What is the impact of material deprivation on working-class pupils?
Low income, poor housing, and poor diet contribute to underachievement among working-class pupils.
## Footnote
These factors can limit access to educational resources and opportunities.
70
What does the term 'Nike identity' refer to?
An alternative class identity created by working-class pupils to fit in with peers.
## Footnote
This identity often involves adopting consumer brands as a means of social belonging.
71
Outline two school factors that affect social class differences in educational achievement.
* Labelling
* Streaming
## Footnote
These factors can create disparities in educational outcomes based on socio-economic status.
72
According to Keddie, what is the flaw in cultural deprivation theory?
It is a victim-blaming 'myth' that overlooks the strengths of working-class culture.
## Footnote
Keddie argues for a recognition of cultural differences rather than deficiencies.
73
What is the role of parental education in a child's academic success?
Parents with higher education levels provide more support and resources for their children's education.
## Footnote
This support can significantly influence a child's achievement in school.
74
What is 'off-rolling' in the context of educational achievement?
The practice of removing low-achieving pupils from school rolls to improve school performance metrics.
## Footnote
This can adversely affect disadvantaged students' educational opportunities.
75
What does the term 'A-to-C economy' refer to?
The prioritization of students achieving A-C grades, often at the expense of lower-achieving students.
## Footnote
This focus can lead to neglect of students who struggle academically.
76
Who prefers to teach middle-class children over working-class pupils?
Teachers
## Footnote
Amanda Spielman [Ofsted] indicates that schools lower expectations for children from deprived backgrounds.
77
What term did Bernstein use to describe the difference in language use?
Elaborated / restricted language
## Footnote
Bernstein (1978) elaborated on the differences in language use between social classes.
78
What is Cultural Capital?
Values, attitudes, languages
## Footnote
Cultural capital refers to the non-financial social assets that promote social mobility.
79
How do well-educated parents contribute to their child's educational success?
They possess higher cultural capital
## Footnote
This includes educational resources and support for schoolwork.
80
According to Bourdieu, why do middle-class pupils succeed?
They possess more economic / cultural capital
## Footnote
Bourdieu (1984) emphasized the role of values, skills, and knowledge.
81
What does Cultural Deprivation Theory claim about working-class and black children?
They lack the 'right' culture needed for educational success
## Footnote
This theory suggests that cultural differences hinder educational achievement.
82
What is 'Loss Aversion' as per Goldthorpe?
Middle-class parents will do all they can to protect their children from falling down the social ladder
## Footnote
This concept relates to parental investment in education.
83
What did Keddie argue about cultural deprivation?
Cultural deprivation is a 'myth'
## Footnote
Keddie (1971) stated that working-class children are culturally different, not deprived.
84
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy in education?
'What teachers believe: pupils achieve'
## Footnote
This concept indicates that teacher expectations can influence student performance.
85
What is the Pygmalion Effect?
Teachers' expectations influence student achievement
## Footnote
This term relates to the self-fulfilling prophecy.
86
What issue did the Sutton Trust (2019) highlight?
9,000 disadvantaged pupils were not taking exams or appearing on GCSE league tables
## Footnote
This practice is referred to as 'off-rolling'.
87
What is streaming in the context of education?
An extreme form of labelling
## Footnote
Lacey (1970) noted that streaming creates a self-fulfilling prophecy.
88
What happens to pupil IQ if they are placed in the bottom stream according to Douglas?
It falls
## Footnote
This suggests negative consequences of lower streaming on student potential.
89
What is Bourdieu’s concept of Habitas?
Working class have lower cultural capital
## Footnote
This concept highlights differences in social and cultural resources.
90
What types of media do middle-class pupils typically engage with?
Documentaries / novels
## Footnote
This contrasts with lower-class pupils who may prefer sitcoms / magazines.
91
What is symbolic violence in education?
Judging working-class pupils’ habitus negatively
## Footnote
This includes judgments about accents, clothing, and interests.
92
What barriers do even successful working-class pupils face according to Evans (2009)?
Hidden barriers
## Footnote
These barriers can include social and cultural obstacles to success.
93
What biases exist in GCSE French and Spanish exams according to Speck (2020)?
They are biased against poor pupils
## Footnote
This highlights inequities in educational assessments.
94
What are anti-school subcultures?
Groups formed by pupils in lower streams that reject school values
## Footnote
They avoid homework and dismiss teachers' authority.
95
What did Willis (1977) study regarding working-class pupils?
Learning to Labour
## Footnote
This study explored how working-class boys adapted to the educational system.
96
What status hierarchy is created according to Lacey (1970)?
Own status hierarchy among lower-stream pupils
## Footnote
This reflects how these pupils establish their own social standings.
97
What is a criticism of private schools according to the text?
They help hoard wealth, power, and opportunity for the few
## Footnote
This critique emphasizes social inequality perpetuated by private education.
