Family - Childhood Flashcards
(48 cards)
What did historian Philippe Aries note about childhood in medieval Europe?
Childhood did not exist due to high infant mortality rates and indifference towards infants.
How were children viewed in the Middle Ages according to Aries?
Children were seen as ‘mini-adults’ with the same rules and punishments.
What significant change regarding schools occurred after 1300?
Schools began to specialize exclusively in the education of the young.
What did the Church believe about children during the modern childhood period?
Children were seen as ‘fragile creatures of God’ in need of protection from worldly evils.
What change in clothing for children was noted by the 17th Century?
Children began to dress differently from adults.
What did Edward Shorter note about parental attitudes in the Middle Ages?
High infant mortality rates encouraged neglect and parents often did not name newborns.
What is the concept of childhood according to Wagg (1992)?
Childhood is socially constructed and varies across cultures.
What is the modern Western view of childhood?
Childhood is seen as a special, innocent time requiring nurturing and protection.
What key feature of childhood did Pilcher (1995) identify?
Separateness, as seen through laws and differences in dress.
How are children viewed in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC)?
Children are treated as an ‘economic asset’ and often engage in work.
What did Punch (2001) observe about children in rural Bolivia?
Children aged 5+ were expected to begin work in the home and community.
What significant findings did Holmes (1974) have about Samoan children?
Parents do not object to children handling dangerous tasks if they believe they can do it.
What is the ‘march of progress’ view regarding modern childhood?
UK children’s lives are better today than they were 200 years ago.
What improvements have been noted in childhood experiences since the Victorian era?
Standards of living, healthcare, and children’s rights have improved.
What was the infant mortality rate in 1900 compared to now?
1900: 154 per 1,000 births; now: 5 per 1,000 births.
What is the financial cost of raising a child in the UK to age 21?
£230,000.
What did Donzelot (1977) note about laws applying to children?
Laws reinforce the idea of a ‘separateness’ between children and adults.
When was compulsory schooling introduced in the UK?
1870 Education Act.
What is the significance of the Children’s Act (1989)?
It emerged to protect children’s rights.
What do researchers suggest about children of same-sex couples?
They fare at least as well as children of heterosexual couples.
What did Hillman (1993) find regarding gender differences in children’s freedom?
Boys are more likely to be allowed to play outside than girls.
What is Sue Palmer’s concept of ‘Toxic Childhood’?
Modern changes harm children’s emotional, physical, and intellectual development.
What are some components of the ‘C.L.O.S.E.S’ model proposed by Palmer?
- Commercialization
- Listening
- Outdoors
- Schoolification
- Education
- Saturation
What major concern did Margo and Dixon (2006) raise about UK youth?
High rates of obesity, self-harm, and substance abuse.
