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Y2 LCRS Anatomy of Limbs > elbow, forearm and wrist > Flashcards

elbow, forearm and wrist Flashcards

1
Q

bone of arm (“upper arm”)

A

humerus

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2
Q

2 bones of forearm

A

radius, ulna

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3
Q

8 carpal bones (in supine position, lateral to medial, proximal row then distal row) - Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle

A

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform; trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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4
Q

4 regions of in this section

A

anterior compartment of arm, posterior compartment of arm, anterior compartment of forearm, posterior compartment of forearm

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5
Q

3 muscles in anterior compartment of arm

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, coraco-brachialis (coraco-brachialis doesn’t act over elbow)

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6
Q

2 muscles in posterior compartment of arm

A

triceps brachii, anconeus

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7
Q

5 superficial muscles in anterior compartment of forearm, including one which can be classified as “intermediate” (PFP[F]F when fingers put from medial epicondyle)

A

pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmar longus, [flexor digitorum superficialis], flexor carpi ulnaris

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8
Q

3 deep muscles in anterior compartment of forearm

A

flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

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9
Q

posterior (extensor) compartment of forearm: 3 muscles that move the wrist joint

A

extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris

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10
Q

posterior (extensor) compartment of forearm: 3 muscles that move the digits

A

extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi

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11
Q

posterior (extensor) compartment of forearm: 3 muscles that move the thumb

A

abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus

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12
Q

2 other muscles of forearm

A

brachioradialis, supinator

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13
Q

what connects the radius and ulna, what does this separate and what does this provide

A

interosseous membrane of forearm (fibrous sheet, forming a fibrous joint called a syndesmosis), separating anterior and posterior compartments, providing muscles attachments and ability for forces to be transferred between bones

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14
Q

arterial supply of region, including location of bifurcation

A

brachial artery -> ulnar and radial arteries (at elbow, at level of radial neck; ulnar is medial, radial is lateral in supine position) -> ulnar descends in anterior compartment of forearm and passes into hand anteriorly (lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris), terminating to form palmar arches; radial descends laterally, lying anteriorly on radial aspect of wrist (crossing floor of anatomical snuff box), then anastomosing with ulnar branches to form palmar arches

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15
Q

ulnar: medial to lateral relationship of wrist joint

A

flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar nerve, ulnar artery

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16
Q

through which branches does the ulnar artery supply medial muscles in the anterior forearm

A

common interosseous artery (bifurcates to form anterior and posterior interosseous arteries; posterior pierces interosseous membrane to run behind it)

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17
Q

what muscle does the radial artery descend the forearm under

A

brachioradialis

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18
Q

2 major superficial veins of region in supine position, and where they arise from and drain into

A

cephalic (lateral), basilic (medial), arising from dorsal venous arch on posterior surface of hand; basilic joins venae comitantes to form axillary vein in arm, while cephalic joins axillary vein in axilla -> subclavian vein at 1st rib

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19
Q

what vein connects the cephalic and basilic veins at the level of the elbow

A

median cubital vein (common site for venupuncture, but is variable in anatomy so blood taken from cephalic or basilic veins)

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20
Q

what deep veins accompany ulnar and radial arteries, and where do they flow into

A

venae comitantes (more than one vein), flowing into the brachial vein in arm to form axillary vein

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21
Q

3 main nerves of region

A

ulnar nerve, median nerve, radial nerve

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22
Q

ulnar nerve innovation

A

C8, T1

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23
Q

ulnar nerve pathway in arm and forearm to medial anterior forearm muscles

A

no branches in arm, proximally descending in anterior compartment -> distally descends into superficial posterior compartment -> enters forearm between heads of flexor carpi ulnaris -> descends on medial side of forearm -> supplies medial anterior forearm muscles

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24
Q

why is ulnar nerve at risk of damage at level of elbow

A

lies posterior to medial epicondyle of elbow

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25
Q

medial anterior forearm muscles ulnar nerve innervates

A

flexor carpi ulnaris, medial portion of flexor digitorum profundus (ring and little finger)

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26
Q

location of sensory supply of ulnar nerve

A

medial aspect of ventral forearm

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27
Q

where does ulnar nerve lie in wrist

A

between flexor carpi ulnaris medially and ulnar artery laterally

28
Q

median nerve innervation

A

C6,7,8 T1

29
Q

median nerve pathway in arm and forearm to become principle motor nerve of anterior compartment

A

no branches in arm, descending in anterior compartment (anterior to elbow lies medially to brachial artery) -> descends into forearm between heads of pronator teres, becoming principle motor nerve of anterior compartment

30
Q

what is median nerve at risk from as it lies medially to brachial artery, anterior to elbow

A

damage by supracondylar fractures of humerus

31
Q

6 forearm muscles median nerve supplies

A

pronator teres, flexor digitorum superficialis, lateral portion of flexor digitorum profundus (index and middle finger), flexor carpi radialis, pronator quadratus, palmaris longus

32
Q

where does median nerve lie in wrist

A

superficially in anterior wrist, between tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus, and deep to palmaris longus (if present), before entering hand through carpal tunnel; can be damaged here also

33
Q

radial nerve innervation

A

C5,6,7,8 T1

34
Q

radial nerve pathway in arm and forearm to posterior muscles

A

lies on humerus in radial groove -> superior to elbow divides into superficial radial nerve (cutaneous sensory) and deep branch of radial nerve -> deep branch of radial nerve descends into forearm between heads of supinator -> becomes posterior interosseous nerve -> ends as pseduoganglion below extensor retinaculum

35
Q

what is radial nerve at risk from as it lies in radial (spiral) groove of humerus

A

humeral shaft fractures (can be damaged by injuries to gleno-humeral joint and wrist)

36
Q

2 muscles supplied by radial nerve in forearm

A

brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus

37
Q

2 muscles supplied by deep radial nerve

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis

38
Q

6 muscles supplies by posterior interosseous nerve

A

extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi (little finger), extensor carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor indicis

39
Q

where are superficial forearm muscles attached proximally

A

common flexor tendon at medial epicondyle (condyles are trochlea (ulna) and capitulum (radius))

40
Q

what process is present at distal ends of ulna and radius, and why is it important

A

styloid process, important for muscle attachment and shape of wrist joint

41
Q

which carpal bone doesn’t articulate with the distal end of either the radius orulna

A

pisiform (medial so nearest ulna; sesamoid bone - embedded in muscle tendon)

42
Q

nerve supply of anterior muscles of arm and sensory innervation of lateral forearm, and spinal nerves

A

supplied by musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6,7); becomes lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm

43
Q

biceps brachii attachments

A

proximal attachments of 2 heads to supraglenoid tubule of scapula and coracoid process, merging to form central tendon, with distal attachments to radial tuberosity and aponeurosis which merges with fascia

44
Q

brachialis attachments

A

proximal attachment to humerus and distal attachment to coronoid process of ulna

45
Q

nerve supply of posterior compartment of arm

A

radial nerve (C7,8)

46
Q

triceps brachii attachments

A

proximal attachments of 3 heads to infraglenoid tubercle and posterior humeral shaft, with distal attachment to olecranon process of ulna

47
Q

general location of flexors (and pronators)

A

anterior

48
Q

general location of flexors (and supinators)

A

posterior

49
Q

what other “superficial” muscle has a proximal attachment at the common flexor tendon at the medial epicondyle

A

flexor digitorium superficialis

50
Q

2 locations where deep or posterior muscles have attachments to

A

proximal attachments on shafts of ulna and radius, interosseous membrane

51
Q

location and function of palmar aponeurosis

A

under skin in palmar region, protecing contents of tendons and vessels beneath it (even if palmaris longus if absent, palmar aponeurosis still present)

52
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum

A

band of connective tissue binding tendons, bony features and other contents of wrist to prevent bowing and protecting them

53
Q

what does the flexor retinaculum form

A

roof of carpal tunnel

54
Q

name of muscles moving wrist

A

carpi muscles

55
Q

name of muscles moving groups of digits

A

digitorum

56
Q

name of muscles moving thumb

A

pollicis

57
Q

name of muscle moving index finger

A

indicis

58
Q

name of muscle moving little finger

A

digiti minimi

59
Q

what muscle must exist if there is a longus

A

brevis

60
Q

what muscle must exist if there is a superficialis

A

profundus

61
Q

where is the anatomical snuff box and what tendons define it

A

lateral posterior distal aspect of forearm and wrist when supine; extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis longus

62
Q

why is the anatomical snuff box important

A

radial artery and scaphoid bone present (scaphoid bone frequently damaged, with recurrent blood supply so if fractured can have problems moving wrist)

63
Q

contents of cubital fossa (anterior to elbow joint)

A

brachial artery, median nerve, median cubital vein, bicep tendon, fascia, pronator teres, brachioradialis, lymph nodes

64
Q

where else are lymph nodes located and where do they drain

A

axillary nodes for draining distal parts of upper limb

65
Q

what do larger lymphatic vessels run alongside

A

veins

Y2 LCRS Anatomy of Limbs (25 decks)

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