ELECTROLYTES

Question 1

Normal plasma composition

Answer 1

93% water and 7% solutes

Question 2

retention of 3 L of water

Answer 2

Edema

Question 3

absence of ADH can lead to

Answer 3

excretion of 10-20 water

Question 4

electrolytes for volume and osmotic pressure regulation

Answer 4

Na, K

Question 5

Myocardial rhythm and contractility

Answer 5

K, Ca, Mg

Question 6

cofactor in enzyme activation

Answer 6

Ca, Mg, Zn, Cl, K

Question 7

Regulation of ATPase ion pumps

Answer 7

Mg

Question 8

Neuromuscular excitability

Answer 8

K, Ca, Mg

Question 9

maintenance of pH

Answer 9

HCO3, PO4, Cl

Question 10

Replication of DNA and translation of mRNA

Answer 10

Mg

Question 11

major extracellular cation

Answer 11

Na

Question 12

greatly depends on intake and excretion of water

Answer 12

Na

Question 13

sodium retention hormone

Answer 13

Aldosterone

Question 14

urinary loss of sodium

Answer 14

ANF (Atrial Natreuretic Factor)

Question 15

Hypernatremia

Answer 15

excess water loss

Question 16

major defense against Hyperosmolality & Hypernatremia

Answer 16

Thirst

Question 17

most common electrolyte disorder

Answer 17

Hyponatremia

Question 18

Hyponatremia symptoms appear when

Answer 18

125-130 mmol/L

Question 19

major contributor of osmolality

Answer 19

Na

Question 20

Pseudohyperkalemia and Pseudohyponatremia is caused by

Answer 20

hemolyzed specimen, inc. plasma lipids & proteins

Question 21

major itracellular cation

Answer 21

K

Question 22

single most important analyte in terms of an abnormality being immediately life threathening

Answer 22

K

Question 23

6-7 mmol/L (Potassium)

Answer 23

alter ECG

Question 24

8 mmol/L (Potassium)

Answer 24

Lack of muscle excitability

Question 25

10 mmol/L (Potassium)

Answer 25

cardiac arrest

Question 26

Hyperkalemia is associated with

Answer 26

impaired renal fx. acidosis DM

Question 27

mild Hypokalemia value

Answer 27

3.0 - 3.4 mmol/L

Question 28

most common cause of Hypokalemia

Answer 28

impaired renal fx.

Question 29

most common cause of extra renal loss of K

Answer 29

Diarrhea

Question 30

Hyponatremia is associated with

Answer 30

Arrythmia Paralysis Alkalosis

Question 31

counter ion of Na

Answer 31

Cl

Question 32

major extracellular anion

Answer 32

Cl

Question 33

Cl is excreted in

Answer 33

urine & sweat

Question 34

methods for Cl determination

Answer 34

ISE | Colorimetric titration

Question 35

Burge shift

Answer 35

``` Cl = in HCO3 = out ```

Question 36

3 calcium in serum

Answer 36

1. Ionized/active calcium (50%) 2. Protein (alb) bonded Ca (40%) 3. Complexed anions (10%)

Question 37

dietary absoprtion of Calcium

Answer 37

activated vit. D3

Question 38

major hypercalcemic hormone

Answer 38

Parathyroid hormone

Question 39

calcitonin is produced by

Answer 39

parafollicular cells of Thyroid

Question 40

Hypercalcemia

Answer 40

CHIMPS

Question 41

Hypocalcemia

Answer 41

CHARD

Question 42

Methods for Calcium determination

Answer 42

1. Colorimetric: a. Oresolpthalein b. Arsenic dye III 2. ISE (free Ca) 3. AAS - reference method

Question 43

principal intracellular anion

Answer 43

organic phosphate

Question 44

phosphate buffer

Answer 44

inorganic phosphate

Question 45

electrolyte that requires fasting

Answer 45

Phosphate | ICa

Question 46

Fiske-Subbarow

Answer 46

phosphate determination (Ammonium molybdate)

Question 47

phosphate deficiency

Answer 47

ATP depletion

Question 48

Transcellular shift effect on phosphate

Answer 48

decrease

Question 49

2nd most important intracellular anion

Answer 49

Mg

Question 50

methods for magnesium det.

Answer 50

``` Dye Lake Calmagite Formasan dye Methylene blue AAS - Reference method ```

Question 51

2nd most abundant extracellular anion

Answer 51

Bicarbonate

Question 52

90% of total carbon dioxide

Answer 52

Bicarbonate

Question 53

Bicarbonate diffuses out of the cell in exchange for Chloride to maintain electronutrality

Answer 53

``` Chloride shift (acidosis) ```

Question 54

Anion gap

Answer 54

difference between measured & unmeasured anions

Question 55

Anion gap formula

Answer 55

AG = Na - (Cl + HCO3)

Question 56

increased Anion gap

Answer 56

Renal Failure DKA Lactic acidosis Chemical toxins

Question 57

decreased Anion gap

Answer 57

Hypoalbuminemia Hyperlipidemia inc. Myeloma proteins

Question 58

1-3 mmol/L anion gap

Answer 58

INC. myelomaproteins