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Chem I > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of electrolytes?

A

Anions

Cations

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2
Q

What direction does an anion move?

A

It has a negative charge and will move towards the anion

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3
Q

What direction does a cation move?

A

It has a positive charge and will move toward the cathode

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4
Q

What electrolytes are involved in volume and osmotic regulation?

A

Na, Cl, K

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5
Q

What electrolytes are involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility?

A

K (!!!!!), Mg, Ca

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6
Q

What electrolytes are involved as cofactors in enzyme activation?

A

Mg, Ca, Zn

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7
Q

What electrolytes are involved in blood coagulation?

A

Ca, Mg

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8
Q

___ to ___% of the human body weight is water

A

40-70%

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9
Q

Water is found in ____ intracellular and ___ of extracellular compartments

A

2/3 intra

1/3 extra

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10
Q

Define active transport

A

A mechanism that requires energy to move ions across the cellular membranes

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11
Q

Define diffusion

A

the passive movement of ions across a membrane. Dependent on size and charge of the ion being transported

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12
Q

What is the clinical significance of osmolality

A
  • parameter to which hypothalamus responds
  • regulation of osmolality affects plasma sodium concentration
  • regulation of sodium and water controls blood volume
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13
Q

The following four factors affect what?

1: atrial natriuretic peptide

2: volume receptors independent of osmolality stimulating the release of AVP

3: GFR increasing with volume expansion and decreasing with depletion

4: Increase plasma sodium increase urine sodium and therefore water excretion and vice versa

A

Blood volume!

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14
Q

What is formula for OSMOLALITY

A

2(Na) + (glucose/20) + (BUN/3)

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15
Q

How do you calculate the OSMOLAL GAP

A

Difference between the calculated and determined osmolality (5-10 mOsm/kg)

(measured - calculated) the difference should be less than 5-10 units difference

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16
Q

___ us the most abundant cation in the ECF at ___%

A

Na

90%

17
Q

Function of Na

A

active transport system

18
Q

Reference range of Na

A

135-145 mmol/L

19
Q

Which electrolyte is a major IC cation with a concentration 20 greater inside cells than outside?

A

K

20
Q

Functions of K

A

regulation of neuromuscular excitability

contraction of heart

ICF volume

H+ concentration

21
Q

Reference range for potassium in

Serum:

Urine:

A

Serum: 3.5-5.1 mmol/L

Urine: 33-86 mmol/d

22
Q

What is a major extracellular anion that maintains osmolality, blood volume, and electric neutrality?

A

Cl

23
Q

Reference range for Cl in the plasma/serum and urine (24 hr)

A

Plasma/serum = 98 -107 mmol/L

Urine (24hr) = 110 - 250 mmol/d (varies with diet)

24
Q

What is bicarbonate?

A

The second most abundant anion in the ECF that is a major component of buffering system in blood

25
Q

What makes up total Co2?

A

Bicarbonate: HCO3​ (80%)

Carbonic Acid: H2CO3​

Dissolved CO2

26
Q

The fourth most abundant cation in the body, and second IC, is ____

A

Mg (1mole (24 g) in the body)

27
Q

What electrolyte is essential for myocardial contraction?

A

Ca

28
Q

Calcium is regulated by what three hormones?

A

PTH, Vit D, Calcitonin

29
Q

How is Ca distributed in the body?

A

99% bone
1% in blood and other ECF
45% free circulation as calcium ion

30
Q

Where is PO4 located?

A

Everywhere in living cells as it participates in key biochemical processes

31
Q

What is the clinical significance of lactate?

A

It is by-product of when ATP is produced when oxygen is severely diminished. It accumulates in instances where we see cell death, so it is used to monitor critically ill patients

32
Q

What is the anion gap

A

The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations

(Na + K) - (Cl - HCO3)

33
Q

How is the anion gap created

A

by the concentration difference between commonly measured cations (Na and K) and anions (Cl and HCO3)

34
Q

What causes an anion gap

A

Uremia/renal failure

ketpacidosis

lactic acidosis

hypernatremia

35
Q

Reference range for anion gap

A

10-20 mmol/L

36
Q

Describe how the electrolytes are reabsorbed in the renal tubules

A

Phosphate: reabsorption inhibited by PTH​

Calcium: reabsorbed under influence of PTH​

Magnesium: reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop​

Sodium: reabsorbed through three mechanisms​

Chloride: reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule​

Potassium: reabsorbed by two mechanisms​

Bicarbonate: recovered from glomerular filtrate​

37
Q

What is hypovolemia

A

Low blood volume/pressure

38
Q

What is hypervolemia

A

High blood volume/pressure

39
Q

Diabetes Insipidus involves what organ and what happens?

A

The pituitary gland

There is insufficient AVP and so the body cannot properly balance its fluid levels. This results in increased urine and an increased thirst.

Chem I (14 decks)

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