Electrolytes

Question 1

What are the two types of electrolytes?

Answer 1

Anions

Cations

Question 2

What direction does an anion move?

Answer 2

It has a negative charge and will move towards the anion

Question 3

What direction does a cation move?

Answer 3

It has a positive charge and will move toward the cathode

Question 4

What electrolytes are involved in volume and osmotic regulation?

Answer 4

Na, Cl, K

Question 5

What electrolytes are involved in myocardial rhythm and contractility?

Answer 5

K (!!!!!), Mg, Ca

Question 6

What electrolytes are involved as cofactors in enzyme activation?

Answer 6

Mg, Ca, Zn

Question 7

What electrolytes are involved in blood coagulation?

Answer 7

Ca, Mg

Question 8

___ to ___% of the human body weight is water

Answer 8

40-70%

Question 9

Water is found in ____ intracellular and ___ of extracellular compartments

Answer 9

2/3 intra

1/3 extra

Question 10

Define active transport

Answer 10

A mechanism that requires energy to move ions across the cellular membranes

Question 11

Define diffusion

Answer 11

the passive movement of ions across a membrane. Dependent on size and charge of the ion being transported

Question 12

What is the clinical significance of osmolality

Answer 12

• parameter to which hypothalamus responds
• regulation of osmolality affects plasma sodium concentration
• regulation of sodium and water controls blood volume

Question 13

The following four factors affect what?

1: atrial natriuretic peptide

2: volume receptors independent of osmolality stimulating the release of AVP

3: GFR increasing with volume expansion and decreasing with depletion

4: Increase plasma sodium increase urine sodium and therefore water excretion and vice versa

Answer 13

Blood volume!

Question 14

What is formula for OSMOLALITY

Answer 14

2(Na) + (glucose/20) + (BUN/3)

Question 15

How do you calculate the OSMOLAL GAP

Answer 15

Difference between the calculated and determined osmolality (5-10 mOsm/kg)

(measured - calculated) the difference should be less than 5-10 units difference

Question 16

___ us the most abundant cation in the ECF at ___%

Answer 16

Na

90%

Question 17

Function of Na

Answer 17

active transport system

Question 18

Reference range of Na

Answer 18

135-145 mmol/L

Question 19

Which electrolyte is a major IC cation with a concentration 20 greater inside cells than outside?

Answer 19

K

Question 20

Functions of K

Answer 20

regulation of neuromuscular excitability

contraction of heart

ICF volume

H+ concentration

Question 21

Reference range for potassium in

Serum:

Urine:

Answer 21

Serum: 3.5-5.1 mmol/L

Urine: 33-86 mmol/d

Question 22

What is a major extracellular anion that maintains osmolality, blood volume, and electric neutrality?

Answer 22

Cl

Question 23

Reference range for Cl in the plasma/serum and urine (24 hr)

Answer 23

Plasma/serum = 98 -107 mmol/L

Urine (24hr) = 110 - 250 mmol/d (varies with diet)

Question 24

What is bicarbonate?

Answer 24

The second most abundant anion in the ECF that is a major component of buffering system in blood

Question 25

What makes up total Co2?

Answer 25

Bicarbonate: HCO3​ (80%) Carbonic Acid: H2CO3​ Dissolved CO2

Question 26

The fourth most abundant cation in the body, and second IC, is ____

Answer 26

Mg (1mole (24 g) in the body)

Question 27

What electrolyte is essential for myocardial contraction?

Answer 27

Ca

Question 28

Calcium is regulated by what three hormones?

Answer 28

PTH, Vit D, Calcitonin

Question 29

How is Ca distributed in the body?

Answer 29

99% bone 1% in blood and other ECF 45% free circulation as calcium ion

Question 30

Where is PO4 located?

Answer 30

Everywhere in living cells as it participates in key biochemical processes

Question 31

What is the clinical significance of lactate?

Answer 31

It is by-product of when ATP is produced when oxygen is severely diminished. It accumulates in instances where we see cell death, so it is used to monitor critically ill patients

Question 32

What is the anion gap

Answer 32

The difference between unmeasured anions and unmeasured cations (Na + K) - (Cl - HCO3)

Question 33

How is the anion gap created

Answer 33

by the concentration difference between commonly measured cations (Na and K) and anions (Cl and HCO3)

Question 34

What causes an anion gap

Answer 34

Uremia/renal failure ketpacidosis lactic acidosis hypernatremia

Question 35

Reference range for anion gap

Answer 35

10-20 mmol/L

Question 36

Describe how the electrolytes are reabsorbed in the renal tubules

Answer 36

Phosphate: reabsorption inhibited by PTH​ Calcium: reabsorbed under influence of PTH​ Magnesium: reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop​ Sodium: reabsorbed through three mechanisms​ Chloride: reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule​ Potassium: reabsorbed by two mechanisms​ Bicarbonate: recovered from glomerular filtrate​

Question 37

What is hypovolemia

Answer 37

Low blood volume/pressure

Question 38

What is hypervolemia

Answer 38

High blood volume/pressure

Question 39

Diabetes Insipidus involves what organ and what happens?

Answer 39

The pituitary gland There is insufficient AVP and so the body cannot properly balance its fluid levels. This results in increased urine and an increased thirst.