electrolytes

Question 2

7 macromolecules in the body

Answer 2

CARBON
HYDROGEN
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
SULFUR
CALCIUM
PHOSPHOROUS

Question 3

ions capabale of carrying an electric charge

Answer 3

ELECTROLYTES

Question 4

ANIONS (GOES TO?)

Answer 4

ANODE

Question 5

CATIONS (GOES TO?)

Answer 5

CATHODE

Question 6

FUNCTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES

Answer 6

volume and osmotic regulation

myocardial rhythm and contractility

cofactors in enzyme activation

regulation of ATPase ion pumps

Acid-base balance

Blood coagulation

Neuromuscular excitability

Production and use of ATP from glucose

Question 7

total body weight of water in our body

Answer 7

40-75%

Question 8

transports nutrient to cells, determines cell volume, removes waste products, acts as body’s coolant

Answer 8

WATER

Question 9

fluid inside the cell; 2/3 of total body water (24L)

Answer 9

intracellular fluiid

Question 10

1/3 of total body water (16L)

Answer 10

extracellular fluid

Question 11

normal plasma is (%)?

Answer 11

93%

Question 12

solutes other 7%

Answer 12

glucose
lipids
proteins
amino acids
MTNs

Question 13

water content in plasma is ___ (%) higher than in whole blood

Answer 13

12%

Question 14

mechanism that requires energy to move ions across cellular membranes

e.g Na-K pump

Answer 14

active transport

Question 15

passive movement of ions across a membrane

depends on size and charge of ions being transported and nature of membrane

Answer 15

diffusion

Question 16

rate of diffusion is affected by 2 factors:

Answer 16

1. physiological process
2. hormonal process

Question 17

physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes (w/w)

assesses the fluid’s conc in the body

Answer 17

osmolality

Question 18

stimulates thirst and secretion of arginine vasopressin hormone/AVP by hypothalamus

saturated = increased solutes

Answer 18

osmolality of blood

Question 19

275 to 295 mOsm/kg of plasma H2O

Answer 19

normal plasma osmolality

Question 20

formerly “antidiuretic hormone” (ADH)

Answer 20

arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

Question 21

increases reabsorption of water in the cortical and medullary collecting tubules (less dehydration)

Answer 21

Arginine vasopressin hormone (AVP)

Question 22

half life of AVP in the circulation

Answer 22

15-20 mins

Question 23

promotes Na excretion in kidneys to regulate bp and fluid balance

Answer 23

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 24

stimulates release of AVP & conserves H2O by renal reabsorption

Answer 24

Volume receptors independent of osmolality

Question 25

GFR fluid balance, eitherincreases w/ volume expansion or decreases w/ volume depletion

Answer 25

Glomerular filtration rate

Question 26

regulator

Answer 26

Sodium

Question 27

• Varies by H2O intake• decreased in diabetes insipidus (inadequate AVP) • increased in SIADH (syndrome of inadequate/inappropriate secretion of ADH) and hypovolemia • Increased H2O intake = diluted solutes

Answer 27

URINE OSMOLALITY

Question 28

specimen on determination of osmolality

Answer 28

serum or urine

Question 29

determination of osmolality is reported as:

Answer 29

mOsm/kg

Question 30

provide the largest contribution to the osmolality volume of serum

Answer 30

sodium, chloride,and bicarbonate

Question 31

Do we measure osmolality in plasma? Plasma is not recommended. Why?

Answer 31

Because some osmotically active substances are introduced by anticoagulants

Question 32

Increase in osmolality =

Answer 32

decrease freezing point; decrease vapor pressure

Question 33

• used to measure the concentration of solute particles in a solution • clinical use: freezing point depression or vapor pressure depression • standardized using sodium chloride reference solution

Answer 33

OSMOMETERS

Question 34

- difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality • Indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances (ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol, lactate or βhydroxybutyrate)

Answer 34

OSMOLAL GAP

Question 35

reference range for osmolality on urine 24h:

Answer 35

300 - 900 mOsm/kg

Question 37

reference range for osmolality on urine/serum ratio:

Answer 37

1.0 -3.0

Question 38

reference range for osmolality on random urine:

Answer 38

50-1200 mOsm/kg

Question 39

reference range for osmolality on osmolal gap:

Answer 39

5-10 mOsm/kg

Question 40

electrolytes:

Answer 40

1. Sodium 2. Potassium 3. Chloride 4. Bicarbonate 5. Magnesium 6. Calcium 7. Inorganic Phosphate 8. Lactate 9. Iron

Question 41

• known as “natrium” • most abundant and primary extracellular cation 90% • plays a major role in transmitting nerve and muscle impulses • determines plasma osmolality

Answer 41

sodium (Na+)

Question 42

upper limit for Na+

Answer 42

295 mmol/L

Question 43

• Most important active transport in fluid balance • Primary mechanism to maintain H2O balance • Mechanism happens during conversion of ATP to ADP

Answer 43

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Question 45

major extracellular anion enzyme activator, excreted with cations during massive diuresis or severe GI

Answer 45

Chloride

Question 46

maintains osmolality and blood volume

Answer 46

chloride

Question 47

maintains electric neutrality

Answer 47

chloride shift

Question 48

elimination of CO2 generated by cellular metabolism

Answer 48

chloride shift

Question 49

2 ways of maintaining electric neutrality

Answer 49

1. reabsorption of Na and Cl in the proximal tubule 2. Chloride shift

Question 50

in chloride shift CO2 diffuses to both ___ and ____

Answer 50

plasma and rbc

Question 51

In RBC, CO2 forms ___________ which splits into __________ & __________

Answer 51

carbonic acid; hydrogen & bicarbonate

Question 52

untreated chronic UTI

Answer 52

pyelonephritis

Question 53

clinical implication of hyperchloremia

Answer 53

metabolic acidosis excessive loss HCO3

Question 54

clinical significance of hypochloremia

Answer 54

prolonged vomiting diabetic ketoacidosis aldosterone deficiency pyelonephritis