remedial

Question 2

How many different amino acids are found in proteins?

Answer 2

20

Question 3

What cycles provide the precursors to all amino acids?

Answer 3

• EMP cycle
• PPP cycle
• TCA cycle

Question 4

What is the role of glutamate in amino acid metabolism?

Answer 4

Amino donor for most amino acids

Question 5

What is the role of glutamine in amino acid synthesis?

Answer 5

Amino donor for the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, amino sugars, histidine, tryptophan, asparagine, NAD+, and ρ-aminobenzoate

Question 6

What enzyme synthesizes glutamate when [NH3] is high?

Answer 6

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Question 7

What enzymes are used for glutamate synthesis when [NH3] is low?

Answer 7

• Glutamine synthetase
• Glutamate synthase (GOGAT)

Question 8

How many intermediates do 20 amino acids degrade into for entry into the TCA cycle?

Answer 8

7

Question 9

List the 7 intermediates that amino acids can be degraded into.

Answer 9

• Pyruvate
• Acetyl-CoA
• Acetoacetyl-CoA
• α-ketoglutarate
• Succinyl-CoA
• Fumarate
• Oxaloacetate

Question 10

What are nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 10

Nucleotides

Question 11

What roles do nucleotides play in metabolism?

Answer 11

• Fuel metabolic reactions through nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis
• Serve as regulatory molecules
• Substrates for RNA and DNA synthesis
• Components of many coenzymes

Question 12

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 12

Conversion of light energy into chemical energy

Question 13

What do photosynthetic organisms obtain energy from?

Answer 13

Light

Question 14

What is photophosphorylation?

Answer 14

The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP driven by light energy

Question 15

What is the process that transfers electrons from H2O to NADP+ in some photosynthetic systems?

Answer 15

Photoreduction of NADP+

Question 16

What type of photosynthesis produces oxygen?

Answer 16

Oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 17

What are the two types of photosynthetic bacteria?

Answer 17

• Oxygenic
• Anoxygenic

Question 18

What is the role of the acyl carrier protein in fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 18

Helps synthesize fatty acids 2 carbons at a time

Question 19

What is the reductant used in fatty acid synthesis?

Answer 19

NADPH

Question 20

Where does fatty acid biosynthesis occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 20

Cytosol

Question 21

Where does fatty acid degradation occur in eukaryotes?

Answer 21

Matrix of the mitochondria

Question 22

What is the ATP yield per oxidation cycle of fatty acids?

Answer 22

17

Question 23

How is ATP generated from fatty acid activation?

Answer 23

Fatty acid + CoA + ATP → Acyl-CoA + AMP + 2(P)

Question 24

What is fermentation?

Answer 24

A microbially mediated degradative and energy-yielding process

Question 25

What are the three unifying characteristics of fermentation?

Answer 25

* NADH is oxidized to NAD+ * Electron acceptor is often pyruvate or a pyruvate derivative * Oxidative phosphorylation cannot operate

Question 26

What are the types of fermentation characterized by?

Answer 26

Excretion of large quantities of reduced organic compounds

Question 27

What is lipid catabolism?

Answer 27

Process by which fatty acids are broken down to generate acetyl-CoA

Question 28

What initiates lipid catabolism?

Answer 28

Action of lipases on lipids to produce glycerol and fatty acids

Question 29

What is the role of autotrophic CO2 fixation in prokaryotes?

Answer 29

Incorporation of inorganic N and S into organic material

Question 30

What are the essential components of all photosynthetic apparatus?

Answer 30

* Antenna of light harvesting pigments * Photosynthetic reaction center * Electron transport chain

Question 31

What are the two types of photosynthetic pigments?

Answer 31

* Reaction center pigments * Light harvesting pigments

Question 32

What is the primary role of lipids in prokaryotes?

Answer 32

Component of membranes

Question 33

What are the major lipids in bacteria and eukaryotes?

Answer 33

Phosphoglycerides

Question 34

List the roles of lipids.

Answer 34

* Component of membranes * Carrier in LPS/peptidoglycan synthesis * Cell surface components * Alternative forms of energy * Protective coat of many organisms