Electrophysiological correlates of motor and sensory behavior PP

Question 1

Limitation of optical imaging techniques

Answer 1

Limited penetration into brain tissue - prevents measurement from more than 5 cm away from area

Question 2

What kind of imaging technique is near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

Answer 2

Optical imaging

Question 3

What can NIRS image?

Answer 3

Both neuronal and blood volumes changes and even anatomical details

Question 4

What can NIRS be combined with

Answer 4

fMRI
EEG

Question 5

What is NIRS based on?

Answer 5

The tie required for near-infrared light to move through the head

Question 6

Does NIRS offer good or bad temporal and spatial resolution?

Answer 6

Good

Question 7

2 NIRS approaches to measure infant brain

Answer 7

Optical topography
Optical tomography

Question 8

What is biomagnetism?

Answer 8

Study of magnetic fields with origin in specific biological systems

Question 9

What has the SQUID been used to measure the magnetic fields produced by?

Answer 9

Heart
Lung
Brain

Question 10

Which imaging modality is most suitable for biofeedback application?

Answer 10

NIRS

Question 11

What does observed MEG represent?

Answer 11

Combined activity of millions of neurons

Question 12

When using biofeedback to induce a relaxed physical state, which EEG waves are modulated?

Answer 12

Alpha waves

Question 13

Measure of relationship between 2 areas of EEG recording

Answer 13

Coherence function (COH)

Question 14

What does the sites with highest COH scores correspond with?

Answer 14

Areas with greatest anatomical connections

Question 15

Which hemisphere of the brain is involved in analytical part of tasks?

Answer 15

Left

Question 16

Which hemisphere of the brain is involved in spatial/visual part of tasks?

Answer 16

Right

Question 17

Which wave is enhanced a few seconds before performance of various skilled aiming tasks? and what does that suggest?

Answer 17

Alpha
Suggest that left-hemisphere processes are suppressed

Question 18

What does intention refer to?

Answer 18

Selection of an output (action)

Question 19

What does attention concern?

Answer 19

Selection of input (stimuli)

Question 20

What is the suppression of EEG activity (mostly in the alpha range) called?

Answer 20

Event-related desynchronization (ERD)

Question 21

3 criteria for ERD

Answer 21

Circumscribed
Phasic
Focused over specific cortical areas

Question 22

Does EEG reflect intelligence?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

Which EEG wave does memory load have an effect on?

Answer 23

Gamma

Question 24

Which has longer reaction time (RT) scores, low or high memory load?

Answer 24

High memory load

Question 25

What dies ERD in the lower alpha band reflect?

Answer 25

Attention

Question 26

What dies ERD in the upper alpha band reflect?

Answer 26

Stimulus encoding

Question 27

Where do stimuli creating positive feelings produce more activity?

Answer 27

Left hemisphere in frontal lobes

Question 28

What kind of brain activity does EEG represent?

Answer 28

Spontaneous

Question 29

What are ERP (event related brain potential) generated as a response to?

Answer 29

Specific stimuli

Question 30

What are long latency potentials?

Answer 30

The positive or negative components of the ERP that occur at 250 to 750 sec after an event

Question 31

What do long latency potentials reflect?

Answer 31

Subjective responses to expected or unexpected stimuli (including orienting response)

Question 32

What does N400 occur in response to?

Answer 32

Unexpected endings of sentences (related to semantic deviation)

Question 33

Example of steady potential shift (SPS)

Answer 33

Contigent negative variation (CNV)

Question 34

When can continent negative variation be observed?

Answer 34

When subjects are told that they have to respond to an event some time after a warning signal is given

Question 35

When does readiness potential (RP) build up?

Answer 35

Just before the onset of voluntary movement

Question 36

What are brain stem potentials?

Answer 36

Low amplitude responses reflecting electrical activity in various brain stem structures

Question 37

What are ERPs recorded simultaneously to?

Answer 37

PET or fMRI

Question 38

Where is the N1-P2 complex generated?

Answer 38

Auditory cortex in temporal lobes

Question 39

Where is the negative wave occurring at 55ms generated?

Answer 39

Postcentral gyrus

Question 40

What is N1 related to?

Answer 40

Attention

Question 41

In who is the latency of the N1 component delayed?

Answer 41

4 to 8 year olds

Question 42

What are long latency potentials strongly influenced by?

Answer 42

Subjective factors

Question 43

What are the long latency potentials N400 and P600 related to?

Answer 43

Memory processes

Question 44

Where are continent negative variation (CNV) found?

Answer 44

Maximal over the central cortex and less pronounced at frontal and parietal areas

Question 45

Where has readiness potential (RP) been recorded?

Answer 45

Areas of brainstem and midbrain

Question 46

What are ERP (event related brain potentials) derived from?

Answer 46

The EEG

Question 47

What are faster RTs associated with?

Answer 47

Higher amplitude ERPs

Question 48

When are P300 response latencies and RTs longer?

Answer 48

When auditory discriminations are more difficult

Question 49

What are bisensory stimulation associated with?

Answer 49

Faster RTs, shorter ERP latencies and greater ERP amplitudes

Question 50

What does pre motion MPs (movement-related potentials) represent?

Answer 50

Preparation for voluntary movements

Question 51

What does error related negativity (ERN) allow for the study of?

Answer 51

How errors in motor response is monitored

Question 52

What is non-REM sleep described as?

Answer 52

Stages 1 to 4

Question 53

Changes of ERPs during sleep

Answer 53

Delay of brain auditory evoked potential wave latencies Amplitude of the N! ERP starts to decrease and disappears when stage 2 sleep is established

Question 54

What do the P300 results indicate regarding sleeper?

Answer 54

That the sleeper is capable of discriminating among stimuli if they are loud, meaningful or novel enough

Question 55

Unique ERP of the sleep state

Answer 55

N350 N550