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General psychology lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Co-developer of the theory of evolution through natural selection

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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2
Q

3 major milestones in human evolution

A

Bipedalism
Tool use
Language

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3
Q

What was Darwin interested in?

A

Describing the expression of emotions in man and animals

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4
Q

What did Darwin suggest regarding emotions in animals and humans?

A

That they were similar

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5
Q

Example of altruistic behaviors

A

Sharing food
Helping injured group members

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6
Q

What is kin selection n(altruism)?

A

Helping relatives

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7
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

Helping others with expectation of future help

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8
Q

What is intersexual competition?

A

Competition within the same sex

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9
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

Mate choice

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10
Q

What is human evolution characterized by?

A

A balance between cooperation and competition

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11
Q

What did the interplay of cooperation and competition influence?

A

Cultural evolution

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12
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Measure of an organism’s genetic success in the population
Includes reproductive success and role in reproductive success of genetic relatives

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13
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

Reproductive success of individual based on number of offspring

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14
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

Reproductive success of an individual’s genetic relatives due to the individual’s actions

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15
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Individuals behave altruistically towards their relatives to increase overall genetic success of the family

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16
Q

What does Hamilton’s rule describe?

A

Inclusive fitness quantitatively

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17
Q

What is favored according to Hamilton’s rule?

A

Altruistic behavior is favored when the genetic relatedness between the actor and recipient, multiplied by the benefit to the recipients is greater than the cost to the actor (when benefits outweigh the costs)

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Examples of inclusive fitness in human behavior

A

Parental care
Sibling support
Extended family assistance

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20
Q

What is adaptive behavior?

A

Behaviors that increase survival and reproduction

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21
Q

What are mental mechanisms?

A

Psychological traits and mechanisms evolved to solve recurrent problems

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22
Q

What is cognition?

A

Mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning and decision-making

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23
Q

What are cognitive biases?

A

Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgement
Often lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation or irrationality

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24
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to search, interpret or remember info that confirms preexisting beliefs

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25
Anchoring bias
Rely too heavily on first piece of information
26
Availability heuristic
Overestimate likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
27
Hindsight bias
Believing after an event that you could have predicted or expected the outcome
28
Overconfidence bias
Overestimate abilities, knowledge or judgement
29
Sunk cost fallacy
Continue investing in a decision based on cumulative prior investment despite new evidence suggesting the decision may be wrong
30
Representativeness heuristic
Making judgements about probability of event based on how much it resembles other events
31
Availability heuristic
Relying on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision
32
Affect heurostoc
Basing decisions on emotions and feelings rather than rational analysis
33
What did Tversky and Kahneman research?
Heuristics and biases
34
Non-critical thinking can lead to erroneous conclusions, due to
Tendency to downplay evidence that does not match what they believe
35
When do people often rely on heuristics to make judgments?
When faced with uncertainty
36
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts/rules of thumb that simplify decision making
37
What kind of theory is Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Motivational theory
38
How many levels in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
5
39
The levels of Maslow's hierarchy
Physiological needs Safety needs Love and belonging needs Esteem needs Self-actualization needs
40
Who developed the self-determination theory?
Deci and Ryan
41
What does the self-determination theory focus on?
The degree to which human behaviors are self-motivated and self-determined
42
Key points of self-determination theory
Autonomy Competence Relatedness Basic psychological needs Types of motivation (extrinsic and intrinsic)
43
What is cognitive psychology?
Study of mental processes and their evolutionary origins
44
Key points of cognitive psychology
Adaptation and survival Mental modules Domain-specificity
45
Adaptive nature of cognitive functions key points
Memory Attention Perception Problem-solving Language Decision-making
46
Examples of adaptive cognitive functions
Spatial navigation Social cognition Mate selection
47
What is developmental psychology?
Examination of how evolutionary theory explains changes in behavior and mental processes throughout lifespan
48
2 main theories of developmental psychology
Attachment theory Life history theory
49
Who originally developed attachment theory and who expanded don it?
OG: Bowlby Expanded: Ainsworth
50
Focus of attachment theories
How early attachments influence emotional and social development
51
4 attachment styles
Secure - trust and security Anxious-ambivalent - uncertainty and anxiety Avoidant - emotional distance and self-reliance Disorganized - lack of clear attachment
52
What is life history theory?
Evolutionary framework that examines how organisms allocate resources to growth, reproduction and survival across their lifespan
53
Life history traits
Reproductive timin Growth and development Survival strategies
54
What does life history emphasize?
The trade-offs organisms face the allocating limited resources (ex reproduction may come at cost of reduced self maintenance
55
What are human life history strategies influenced by?
Social Cultural Environmental factors
56
Environmental influences that shape life history strategies
Resource availability Predation risk Social stability
57
What does understanding life history theory help explain?
Patterns of growth
58
Key concepts of social psychology
Social influence Cooperation Aggression
59
What does social influence refer to ?
The ways individuals change their behavior to meet demands of social environment
60
Key points od social influence
Conformity Compliance Obedience Social norms Persuasion
61
Key points of cooperation
Evolutionary basis Reciprocal altruism Social exchange theory Group cooperation Challenges to cooperation
62
2 types of aggression
Instrumental aggression - used to achieve goal Hostile aggression - driven by anger and intent to cause harm
63
What does social learning theory propose?
Aggression is learned through observation and imitation of others
64
Most significant evolutionary development in human brain
Enlargement of neocortex
65
What is the cerebral cortex involved in
Higher order brain functioning such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands and spatial reasoning and language
66
Key points of neuroplasticity
Synaptic plasticity Experience dependent plasticity Critical periods Learning and memory
67
Environmental influences of nuroplasticity
Enriched environments - enhances Stress and adversity - negatively effects
68
Concepts of behavioral adaptations
Fight or flight response Social brain hypothesis
69
Fight or flight key points
SNS activation Adrenaline release
70
Fight or flight key responses
Increased heart rate Dilated pupils Rapid breathing Redirected blood flow Tensed muscles Heightened senses
71
What is the social brain hypothesis?
Posits that the complexities of social life were a driving fore behind evolution of large brains in primates Demands of living in social groups led to development of advanced cognitive abilities
72
Social Brian hypothesis key points
Group size and brain size correlation Social cognition Theory of mind Cooperation and competition Communication and language Implications for human behavior

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