General psychology lecture 1 Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
Who introduced the concept of introspection?
A
Socrates
2
Q
Who believed in separation of mind and body (dualism)
A
Plato
3
Q
Who emphasized the observation and idea that knowledge comes from sensory experience?
A
Aristotle
4
Q
What did hinduism discuss?
A
Concepts of self and consciousness
5
Q
What did buddhism explore?
A
Nature of mind and suffering
6
Q
What did confucianism focus on?
A
Moral development and human relationships
7
Q
Which idea did Descartes propose?
A
Idea of dualism
8
Q
Wo introduced the theory of tabula rasa?
A
John locke
9
Q
Who emphasized the importance of experience and observation?
A
David Hume
10
Q
Who argued that human perception shapes our reality?
A
Kant
11
Q
Who established the first psychology lab?
A
Wilhelm Wundt
12
Q
Who were involved with structuralism?
A
Wundt and Titchener
13
Q
What did Wundt and Titchener analyze?
A
The structure of the mind through introspection
14
Q
Who advocated studying the functions of mental processes? (functionalism)
A
William James
15
Q
Who was interested in the assessment of individual differences?
A
J M Cattell
16
Q
What does a Gestalt perspective mean?
A
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
17
Q
What does Gestalt psychology serve as a precursor of?
A
Rise of cognitive psychology
18
Q
Law of Prägnanz
A
We tend to perceive complex or ambiguous images in the simplest form possible
19
Q
Law of similarity
A
Objects that look similar are perceived as part of a group or pattern
20
Q
Law of proximity
A
Objects that are closer are perceived as a group
21
Q
Law of continuity
A
Lines are seen as following the smoothest path
22
Q
Law of closure
A
We fill in the missing elements to complete a figure
23
Q
Law of figure-ground
A
We separate objects from their background to focus on the central figure
24
Q
Applications of Gestalt psychology
A
Perception studies
Design and art
Human-Computer interaction
25
Criticism of Gestalt psychology
Lack of empirical evidence
Cultural bias
Overemphasis on visual perception
26
Who introduced the concept of the unconscious mind and importance of early childhood experiences?
Freud
27
Components of the psyche that regulates behavior
Id, Ego and superego
28
According to freud what are defense mechanisms?
Strategies used by the ego to protect against anxiety
29
Who founded behaviorism?
John B. Watson
30
Who expanded on Watsons work and intorduced positive and negative reinforcements?
B.F. Skinner
31
Who is known for classical conditioning?
Pavlov
32
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning:
Shows extinction when the unconditioned stimulus stops occurring
33
What is operant conditioning?
Method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior
34
What is the importance of operant conditioning?
Helps understand how behavior is acquired and maintained
35
Who is known for the law of effect?
Edward Thorndike
36
Key concepts of operant conditioning
Reinforcement: increases likelihood of behavior
Punishment: decreases likelihood of behavior
Positive and negative: terms refer to the addition or removal of stimulus
37
What is continuous reinforcement?
Rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
38
What is partial reinforcement?
Rewarding a behavior only some of the time
39
Fixed ratio reinforcement?
Rewards given after set number of responses
40
Variable ratio reinforcement?
Rewards given after random number of responses
41
Fixed interval reinforcement?
Rewards given after a fixed amount of time
42
Variable interval reinforcement?
Rewards given after varying amounts of time
43
Applications of operant conditioning
Education
Parenting
Animal training
Employee motivation
Performance management
44
Criticism of operant conditioning
Overemphasis on external behavior
Ethical concerns
45
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process that creates associations between a neutral stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus
46
What does classical conditioning explain?
How some behaviors are learned
47
What led to the discovery of classical conditioning?
Pavlov's experiments with dogs
48
What is unconditioned stimulus (US) in classical conditioning ?
Stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an response (ex food)
49
What is unconditioned response (UR) in classical conditioning?
Unlearned response that offers naturally to unconditioned stimulus (ex. salivation)
50
What is conditioned stimulus (CS) in classical conditioning ?
Neutral stimulus that after becoming associated with the unconditional stimulus eventually triggers response (ex. bell)
51
What is conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning ?
Learned response to previously neutral stimulus (ex. salivation to the bell)
52
What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
Initial stage when the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus
53
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
The diminishing of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
54
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
Reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause, following extinction
55
What is generalization in classical conditioning?
Tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus
56
What is discrimination in classical conditioning?
Ability to distinguish between the conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that don't signal an unconditional stimulus
57
Therapeutic use of classical conditioning?
Treatment of phobias through systematic desensitization
58
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
59
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences (reinforcement and punishment)
60
Limitations in classical conditioning?
Oversimplifies complex human behaviors to stimulus-response relationships
Ethical concerns
Limited scope
61
What is Jean Piaget known for?
Theories of cognitive development in children
62
Who measure the speed of the neural impulse int he 1800's?
Hermann von Helmholtz
63
What is psychophysics?
The relationship between the mental experiences of the senses and the material (external reality)
64
What is applied psychology?
The application of psychology to everyday life
65
Who developed the modern intelligence tests?
Alfred Binet
66
What does the experimental method allow researchers to establish?
Cause and effect relationships
67
What does experimental method involve?
Manipulating one variable and seeing its effect/change in another variable
68
Key components of experimental method
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Control group
Experimental group
69
The placebo effect
Is based on the physiological component that accompanies each drug therapy
70
What can prevent confounds from affecting results of experiment ?
Double blind procedure
71
A double-blind clinical trial
It is one in which both participants and study personnel do not know which participant is receiving the real drug or a placebo
72
The placebo effect is mediated by what?
The secretion of endogenous opioids
73
What is the most important thing about experiments?
Random assignment
74
What does the observational method involve?
Observing subjects in their natural environment without intervention
75
2 types of observation
Naturalistic observation (natural context, no interference)
Participant observation (researcher is part of group being studied to observe behavior from within)
76
Disadvantages of survey method
Self reported bias
Lack of depth
77
What does the case study method involve?
In-depth study of a single individual or group (useful in unique/rare cases)
78
Advantages of case study method
Detailed info
Useful for rare conditions
79
Disadvantages of case study method
Not generalizable
Time-consuming
80
What is longitudinal study?
Studies same participant over a period of time
Identify long-term effects and development trends
81
What is a cross sectional study?
Studies participants of different ages at one point in time to compare differences
Quick but can be affected by cohort effects
82
What are qualitative methods?
Involving non-numerical data
In depth insight into human behavior and experience
83
What are quantitative methods?
Involving numerical data
Allow objective analysis and comparison
84
Key ethical principles
Informed consent
Confidentiality
Debriefing
Right to withdraw
85
Application of psychological methods
Clinical psychology
Educational psychology
Industrial-organizational psychology
