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embryo > EMBRYO EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EMBRYO EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the components of the heart?

A

a. Cells migrating through the anterior primitive streak form the outflow tract of the heart
b. Cells migrating through the middle primitive streak form the ventricles
c. Cells entering the streak most posteriorly form the atria

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2
Q

In the early embryo, during somitogenesis, how many somitomere pairs are found caudal to the most caudal somite pair?

A

12

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3
Q

Opposing FGF-8 and retinoic acid gradients associated with which theory regarding somite formation?

A

a. The wave front mechanism

i. The balance between the opposing gradients of FGF-8 and retinoic acid results in the cessation of somitogenesis

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4
Q

The sclerotome is derived from cells from what source?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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5
Q

What is the source of the cardiogenic plate?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

An inductive stimulus from what source stimulates the transformation of the epithelial sclerotome into secondary mesenchyme?

A

The notochord

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7
Q

The intermediate mesoderm in the early embryo gives rise to which system(s)/structures?

A

The urogenital system

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8
Q

What type of embryonic defects are characterized as primary errors of morphogenesis that are usually multifactorial and involve a number of etiological agents including genetic and environmental factors?

A

malformations

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9
Q

What condition refers to the accumulation of edema fluid in the fetus during intrauterine growth?

A

Hydrops fetalis

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10
Q

Folic acid deficiency is now thought to be a major cause of what class of malformations?

A

Neural tube defects (anencephaly)

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11
Q

Anal atresia can be attributed to what type of disturbance?

A

Disturbances in tissue resorption

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12
Q

What group of congenital malformations makes up the largest percentage of congenital malformations?

A

Unknown factors

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13
Q

Cleft palate is the result of a defect in what developmental mechanism?

A

Failure to fuse

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14
Q

Phocomelia is most likely to be seen after maternal exposure to which teratogenic agent during the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

thalidomide

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15
Q

What are the characteristic effects caused by exposure of the fetus to alcohol?

A

a. Malformations of the hololprosencephaly type:
i. Microcephaly
ii. Short palpebral fissures
iii. Indistinct philtrum
iv. Thin upper lip
v. Micrognathia
vi. Low nasal bridge
vii. Minor ear anomalies
viii. Epicanthal folds

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16
Q

Supplementing the diet of women of childbearing age with which dietary supplement may reduce the incidence of neural tube defects such as anencephaly?

A

Folic acid supplementation

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17
Q

In fetal hydrops, the affected brain may become enlarged and edematous and, when sectioned, has a bright yellow color, particularly the basal nuclei, thalamus, cerebellum, cerebral gray, and spinal cord. What term is related to this CNS damage?

A

a. Kernicterus
i. Rare kind of preventable brain damage that can happen in newborns with jaundice and is a result of a buildup of bilirubin in blood

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18
Q

An increased incidence of what condition(s) is strongly associated with increasing maternal age?

A

Trisomy 21

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19
Q

During childbirth, which membranes/layers around the embryo rupture and which do not?

A

?

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20
Q

Tendons of limb muscles arise from what source?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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21
Q

Limb muscles arise from what source?

A

Lateral halves of the somites

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22
Q

Expression of what genes are involved in the separation of the dermomyotome into dorsal and dermatome and ventral myotome?

A

Pax 3, Pax 7 and paraxis

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23
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the anterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components?

A

Cells migrating through the anterior primitive streak form the outflow tract of the heart

24
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the middle part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components?

A

Cells migrating through the middle primitive streak form the ventricles

25
Q

In early heart formation, cells migrating through the posterior part of the primitive streak will form which of the heart components?

A

Cells entering the streak most posteriorly form the atria

26
Q

Hydatidiform mole is related to which genetic-related condition?

A

a. Paternal imprinting in which the female pronucleus egg doesn’t participate in development
i. So the chromosomal material is derived from two sperm

27
Q

Formation of ribs on the lumbar and sacral vertebrae occurs as a result of what genetic condition?

A

Knockout of all Hox 10 paralogues

28
Q

Myoepithelial cells in the lactating breast contract in response to what hormone?

A

oxytocin

29
Q

Which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from ectoderm?

A

Stem cell bulge, sebaceous gland, and hair papilla

30
Q

Which components of the hair and its follicle are derived from mesoderm?

A

Arrector Pilli muscle

31
Q

The proatlas anlage contributes to the formation of which structure(s)?

A

To the formation of the basooccipital bone and the dens of the axis

32
Q

What factor is antagonistic to BMP and, when down regulated, allows sutures to fuse?

A

noggin

33
Q

What structure(s) is/are derived from the trophoblast?

A

Placenta and the chorion

34
Q

List the characteristics of the early placenta and relate to the late placenta.

A

Early Placenta: thick, low permeability, small surface area, total diffusion conductance is miniscule

Late Placenta: Thin, High permeability, Large surface area, large increase in placental diffusion

35
Q

List/describe factors/conditions that facilitate the exchange of oxygen between the fetal and maternal blood.

A

a. There is a pressure gradient of oxygen between maternal (50 mmHg) and fetal (30mmHg)
b. The fetal Hb also has a higher affinity for O2 than regular Hb

36
Q

What factor is in the permanent cartilage pathway causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen II and cartilage matrix and is continually expressed in permanent cartilage?

A

a. Sox-9 causes chondroblasts to secrete collagen 2 and cartilage matrix
b. Sox-9 is continually expressed in permanent cartilage

37
Q

What is/are the effect(s) of HCG on the corpus luteum?

A

HCG = Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, it acts on ovaries to maintain the activity of the corpus luteum during pregnancy

38
Q

What cells can be considered immigrant with regard to the development of the integument?

A

Melanoblasts, Langerhans cells, merkels cells

39
Q

Describe the characteristics of satellite cells in reference to muscle tissue differentiation.

A

a. Activated under conditions of muscle fiber growth, regeneration and hypertrophy
b. Myogenic cells that are located between the muscle fiber and basal lamina in which each muscle fiber encases itself

40
Q

What signaling molecules are expressed by the isthmic organizer?

A

a. Principal signaling molecule is FGF-8
i. FGF-8/Wnt-1 induce expression of: En-1, En-2, Pax-2 and Pax-5

b. Isthmic organizer is located between the mesencephalon and the metencephalon

41
Q

What germ layers make up each of the extraembryonic membranes?

A

Chorion, amnion, yolk sac, and allantois

42
Q

What germ layer is absent from the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

mesoderm

43
Q

Name the factor(s) that is/are involved in the formation of rhombomeres 3 and 5.

A

Wnt-1 and Shh

44
Q

Describe the three circulatory arcs and their components in the 4-week embryo.

A

a. Intraembryonic circulatory arch – a ventral aortic outflow tract from the heart that splits into aortic arches that pass around the pharynx through the pharyngeal arches and then into a cephalically paired dorsal aorta and supply blood throughout the body
b. Vitelline or omphalomesenteric arc – supplies the tolk sax
c. Umbilical vessels – consists of vessels associated with the allantois

45
Q

What transcription factor(s) suppress(-es) the formation of anterior gut structures and promotes hindgut development?

A

Cdx-2

46
Q

At what time during pregnancy does maximum secretion of HCG occur?

A

HCG secretion peaks at the eighth week of gestation and then declines

47
Q

What role does p63 play in the formation of the intermediate layer of the epidermis and what is its relation to miR-203?

A

a. P63 gets inactivated so that the intermediate layer can form
b. Mir-203 deactivates p63 so cells in the epidermis can terminally differentiate

48
Q

What is fillagrin and what is it specifically associated with?

A

Fillagrin interconnects the stratum granulosum

49
Q

Compare permissive and instructive induction and give examples.

A

a. Instructive instruction is when one germ layer instructs another on how to differentiate
b. Permissive induction – tissue doesn’t need instructions on how to do its thang

50
Q

Which intramembranous bone in the body is the first to become ossified?

A

The clavicle

51
Q

Parachordal cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull?

A

The base of the occipital bone

52
Q

Prechordal (hypophyseal) cartilages contribute to the formation of which components of the embryonic skull?

A

The chondrocranium

53
Q

List characteristics of early cardiac muscle cells.

A

a. MyoD and other common master regulators of skeletal muscle differentiation are not expressed in early cardiac muscle development
b. Express MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and serum response factor) box-containing transcription factor MEF-2
c. Express high levels of cardiac a-actin

54
Q

What skull structures are derived from the membranous portion of the viscerocranium?

A

a. Part of temporal
b. Zygomatic
c. Maxillary
d. Nasal
e. Lacrimal
f. Palatine
g. Vomer
h. Pterygoid plates
i. Mandible
j. Tympanic ring

55
Q

Name the four components of the typical embryonic pharyngeal arch.

A

a. Skeletal element
b. Muscles
c. Branch of specific cranial nerve
d. Artery

embryo (1 decks)

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