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RAD514 > Embryo Implantation And Fetal Development 5.2.24 > Flashcards

Embryo Implantation And Fetal Development 5.2.24 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the stages in the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular phase , pre-ovulation
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal phase
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2
Q

How long is the average Ovarian cycle?

A

28 days

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3
Q

What is involved in the first stage of the Endometrial cycle?
1. Proliferative Phase

A

oestrogen - growth of the endometrium and myometrium , secretion of the mucus alongside the vagina and uterus

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4
Q

What is involved in the 2nd stage of the Endometrial cycle?
2. Secretory Phase

A

Oestrogen - grows the endometrium
Progesterone - softens the connective tissues in preparation for implantation and promotes secretion of nutrients ( fat and glycogen)

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5
Q

What is involved in the 3rd stage of the Endometrial cycle ?
3. menstrual phase

A

Only occurs if no fertilisation occurs
- Corpus leuteum decreases
- progesterone and oestrogen support is lost
- Uterine prostaglandins —> Vasoconstriction —> Tissue death
- Blood and endometrial debris (menses) lost through Vagina

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6
Q

How long can sperm survive for?

A

It can survive for up to 5 days but is only viable for 48 hours

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7
Q

What hormone does the Hypothalamus release?

A

GnRH

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8
Q

What hormone does the Anterior pituitary release?

A

LH/FSH

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9
Q

Which 2 hormones do the Ovaries release?

A

Oestrogen/ progesterone

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10
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone

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11
Q

What does a Rise in FSH stimulate?

A

Stimulates Oocyte (egg) development and follicular growth

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12
Q

What causes LH to spike?

A

Ovulation

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13
Q

IS ovulation a positive or negative feedback?

A

Positive

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14
Q

Is after ovulation positive or negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback due to progesterone

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15
Q

What process is Sperm is driven by to reach the oviduct?

A

Chemotaxis

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16
Q

How long after ovulation does fertilisation occur?

A

24 hours

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17
Q

what membrane do sperm penetrate?

A

The Corona Radiata

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18
Q

What do the sperm bind to after penetration?

A

Receptors on the Zona pellucida

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19
Q

What does the binding of sperm onto the receptors on Zona pellucida cause?

A

It causes an enzyme to be released form the acrosome that digest the Zona pellucida.

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20
Q

What reaction is triggered when the sperm head penetrates the ovum?

A

Cortical reaction

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21
Q

What does a cortical reaction trigger?

A

Inactivation of ZP3 receptor as and prevents polyspermy

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22
Q

when does Fusion of Nuclei occur?

A

Occurs within an hour triggering embryonic development

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23
Q

What are the 4 Stages of Ovum development?

A

1 - Ovum
2 - Cleavage
3 - Morula
4 - Blastocyst

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24
Q

What are the Stages of implantation?

A
  1. Blastocyst surface becomes sticky and adheres to endometrium
  2. The trophoblastic cells release protein-digesting enzymes
  3. Cords of trophoblastic cells go deeper into the endometrium
  4. The embraces of trophoblastic cells disintegrate
  5. Underlining endometrium produces prostaglandins that increase vascularisation and nutrients
  6. The embryo is implanted into the endometrium
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25
What is the endometrium called after its been modified by prostaglandins?
Decidua
26
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
When implantation occurs outside of the uterus. Most typically in one of the fallopian tubes.
27
What is the cause for molar pregnancy?
Abnormal fertilisation
28
What is a molar pregnancy?
It’s where the trophoblastic tissue over grows and shows as a mass of cysts. when there is a problem with fertilisation so the embryo and placenta don’t form correctly.
29
What is a molar pregnancy also known as?
Hydatiform pregnancy
30
What is the placenta responsible for?
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients Removal of wastes and CO2 from the fetus
31
When is the developed Placenta? What happens with the embryo when the placenta embeds itself?
Day 12 - embryo is embedded in the decidua The placenta is well developed by 5 weeks after implantation (6 weeks of gestation) This is when the embryonic heart starts pumping blood into the placental villi. Fetal part of placenta starts secretion of hCG and progesterone.
32
Which Substances can cross the placenta barrier?
- cocaine and heroine - Rubella virus - Cytomegalovirus virus - HIV - Toxoplasma - Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
33
what substances are transported From mother to fetus?
+ O2 + water , electrolytes + Nutrients - carbohydrates, amino acids and lipids + Hormones + antibodies + Vitamins +Iron and trace elements + drugs + toxic substances + viruses
34
what substances are transported From fetus to mother?
- CO2 - water, electrolytes - urea, Uris acid - Creatinine - bilirubin - Hormones - red blood cells antigens
35
Which are the most common congenital abnormalities?
Heart Neurotube defects Down syndrome
36
Environmental factors that can cause birth defects
= thalidomide =Radiation =Alcohol = Drugs = smoking = poisons = infections (eg: rubella, toxoplasma Gondi, herpes)
37
What are some of the Genetic factors that can cause birth abnormalities?
- Chromosomal abnormalities Eg: Down, turner, Patau syndromes - Mutant genes Eg: achondroplasia, primordial dwarfism, fragile X syndrome and split foot anomaly
38
What are some Abnormalities that are visible at birth?
Spina bifid a Cleft lip and palate Gastroschisis/ exompholos Anencephaly Down syndrome Under development of limbs
39
What are some of the Abnormalities invisible at birth?
Cardiac defects : tetralogy of fallout Atresias Rare congenital disorders eg: pain receptors
40
How many layers are there in the development of an embryo? What are these layers?
3 - Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
41
What are the Contents of the Ectoderm?
Structures that maintain contact with the outside world - CNS and pNS - Sensory apparatus of eye, ear and nose - epidermis, hair and nails - subcutaneous, mammary, pituitary glands - enamel of the teeth
42
What are the Contents of the Mesoderm?
+ vertebral column + Dermatomes + Myotomes + urogenital structures + peritoneal, pleural and pericardial linings + Haemopoetic stem cells
43
What are the Contents of the endoderm?
~ GI tract ~ Epithelial linings of the respiratory tract ~ urinary bladder and urethra ~ tympanic cavity and auditory tube ~ parenchyma of thyroid, parathyroid, liver and Pancreas
44
What is the process of Neurulation?
The forming of the neural tubes during Fetal development
45
What are some of the Factors that impact the development of neural tubes and can cause defects?
- Anti-epileptic medication - Maternal diabetes - Hyperthermia - High glucose + insulin - Retinoic acid ( vitamin A metabolite)
46
What medicine can protect against neural tube defects?
- Folic acid supplementation can reduce the chance of defects by ~ 75% if started 2 months before conception
47
What is Spina bifida? What are the different types of Spina Bifida?
Neural tube fails to close along its length It involves the meninges, vertebrae, muscles and skin - sometimes neural structures The spinal cord and nerves may be : - open to the outside world - Spina bifida aperta - covered with skin - Spina bifida occulta - covered with just the surrounding membranes - Spina bifida cystica - meningocele or myelomeningocele
48
What type of Spina bifida is where the nerves are open?
Spina bifida aperta
49
Which type of Spina bifida are the nerves covered by skin
Spina bifida occulta
50
Which type of Spina bifida are the nerves covered with just the surrounding membranes ?
Spina bifida cystica, meningocele, mylomeningocele
51
What are the common neuro associations of Spina bifida?
Arnold chiari malformations and Hydrocephalus
52
How is Spina bifida detected and diagnosed?
Antenatal screening - elevated alpha fetoprotein levels On ultrasound scan - routine scans 12 weeks and 20 weeks
53
What is the medical term for the Forebrain?
prosencephalon
54
What is the medical term for the Midbrain?
Mesencephalon
55
What is the medical term for the Hind brain?
Rhombencephalon
56
What gene controls Facial development?
Controlled by the HOX (homebox) gene
57
What happens in the 7th week of facial development?
The medial nasal prominences fuse to form the inter-maxillary segment
58
What is the resultant of the failure of fusion of the maxillary prominence and the inter-maxillary segment?
Cleft lip
59
What happens during during the 14th week of facial development?
The inter-maxillary process forms the philtrum of the upper lip.
60
What happens in the 10th week of facial development?
A fusion of the palatine shelves and primary palette to form the secondary palate. Failure to fuse results in a cleft palate
61
Cleft lip is most common in?
Males
62
Cleft pallet is most common in ?
Females
63
When does the heart begin to beat?
Day 22 - 24 It can be heard at 6 weeks on ultrasound
64
When does blood start to flow?
Week 4
65
What are Common heart abnormalities?
- septal defect - Transposition of the great arteries - Persistent truncus arteriousus - hypo-plastic left heart
66
At what stage does the embryo have Paddle- like upper limb buds?
Week 5 - 32 days
67
At how many weeks are Handplates formed?
Week 5 - 35 days
68
At how many weeks/days do Digital rays appear in hand plate ?
Week 6 - 44 days
69
At how many weeks is there- bend at the elbow, fingers are short and slightly webbed
Week 7 - 48 days
70
After how many weeks are the Fingers and toes are distinct and separated?
Week 8 - 56 days
71
What is the Apical Ectodermal ridge (AER) responsible for?
One of the main signaling centres during limb development
72
What does the AER determine?
- pattern of the limb - Formation of early skeleton - Muscles, tendons and vasculature
73
What are common Limb Development abnormalities?
~ Meromelia ~ Amelia ~ polydactyly ~ Triphalangeal thumb ~ Dysplasia’s ~ deformations due to amniotic bands
74
What is Meromelia?
Reduction of part of the limb
75
What is Amelia?
Missing limb
76
What is Polydactyly?
Presence of extra digits
77
What are Dysplasia’s?
Fusion of limb parts / disproportionate growth

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