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RAD514 > Neuro Degenerative Diseases > Flashcards

Neuro Degenerative Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

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2
Q

What are the 3 membranous layers around the brain

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

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3
Q

Which space is CSF in?

A

Subarachnoid space

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4
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Higher cognitive functions

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5
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Sensory input - representation and integration
Spatial discrimination
Taste
Receptive speech

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6
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Visual input and processing

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7
Q

Where is the insula found in the brain?

A

Lies medial to / or added to the temporal lobe

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8
Q

What does the insula control?

A
  • vestibular function
  • language
  • perception of visceral sensation
  • emotions
  • limbic functions
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9
Q

What does the limbic (or cingulate cortex) control?

A

Influences emotions and autonomic functions

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10
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance, Motor co-ordination, Tone And Posture

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11
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A

Conveys motor, sensory and autonomic information between the higher centres and the rest of the body

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12
Q

What does the thalamus control?

A

Gateway to the cortex - relay centre between cortex and sub cortex

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13
Q

What does the basal ganglia contain?

A
  • several deep grey matter nuclei within the forebrain, midbrain and diencephalon
  • caudate nucleus, pudamen, globus, pallidus/pallidum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
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14
Q

What is within the limbic complex?

A

Cingulate gurus
Splenic gyrus
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Fornix
Dentate gyrus

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sub cortical layer?

A

Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Limbic complex

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16
Q

Most common types of neurodegenerative diseases

A

~ Alzheimer’s disease
~ vascular dementia
~ Parkinson’s

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17
Q

Other neurodegenerative diseases

A

+ FTD - Frontal temporal dementia
+ ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
+ spinocerebella ataxia
+ multiple system atrophy
+ Lewy body dementia
+ Huntingtons disease
+ Frederick’s ataxia
+ corticobasal degeneration
+ progressive supreanuclear palsy
+ prion disease

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18
Q

what are the 2 clinical manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases?

A
  1. Dementia
  2. Movement disorder
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19
Q

What things come under dementia?

A

Gradual progressive impairment of higher cognitive functions

  • memory
  • judgement/planning
  • personality
  • language
  • visuopsatial orientation
20
Q

What things come under movement disorder?

A

Most common - Parkinsonism
Others include
* ataxia
*Chorea
* Muscle atrophy
*tremors
*rigidity
* Bradykinesia

21
Q

What is Ataxia?

A

A group of disorders affecting co-ordination, balance and speech

22
Q

What is Chorea?

A

Involuntary, irregular or unpredictable muscle movements.

23
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Slowness of movement

24
Q

What are the different types of dementia?

A

~ Alzheimer’s disease
~ vascular dementia
~ Lewy body dementia
~ Frontotemporal dementia
~ CJD (creutzfeld-Jakob disease) and other prion diseases

They can co-exist

25
Q

Which 2 other neurodegenerative diseases can cause dementia?

A

Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease

26
Q

What are the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Increased incidence with age

Family history

27
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Alzheimer’s?

A

Loss of higher cognitive functions eg:memory

28
Q

What is the pathology associated with Alzheimer’s?

A

Beta amyloid protein forms plaques

Neurofibbrillary tangles of tau protein

29
Q

What are the risk factors for vascular dementia?

A

increased incidence with age

Athlerosclerosis

Hypertension

30
Q

What is the clinical presentation for vascular dementia ?

A

Loss of higher cognitive function eg: memory

31
Q

What is the pathology associated with vascular dementia?

A

Accumulation of cortical infarcts/ white matter lesions

32
Q

What are the risk factors for Lewy body dementia?

A

Increased incidence with age

Family history including of PD (Parkinson’s)

33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Lewy body dementia?

A

Loss of higher cognitive function eg: memory

  • Parkinsonism (lesss tremor)
  • hallucinations, fluctuation typical
34
Q

What is the associated pathology with Lewy body dementia?

A

Lewy bodies accumulate in the brain

Affects the brainstem/ basal ganglia

35
Q

What are the risk factors for frontotemporal dementia?

A

Usually appears between 45 - 65
Family history

36
Q

What is the clinical presentation of FT dementia?

A

Loss of higher cognitive functions

typically personality/ behaviour issues / aphasia before memory loss

37
Q

What is the associated pathology of FT dementia?

A

Focal degeneration of the frontal/temporal lobes

Tau protein deposits

38
Q

What are the risk factors for Parkinson’s?

A

Increased incidence with age
Family history
10 - 15% familial

39
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Parkinsonism (tremor)
Many other symptoms including : demitasse, sleep issues, bowel issues, dizziness

40
Q

What is the associated pathology for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Lewy bodies
Loss of neurones in substantia nigra

41
Q

What are the 3 Parkinson’s plus syndromes?

A
  1. Progressive suprenuclear palsy
  2. Multiple system atrophy
    3.Corticobasal degeneration
42
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Movement disorder : autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat genetic disease

Loss of GABAergic neurones in basal ganglia

Atrophy of putamen and caudate nucleus (dorsal striatum)

Cognitive, motor and behavioural features that are ultimately fatal

43
Q

What is Friederich Ataxia?

A

Autosomal recessive disease: most common here dietary ataxia

Progressive ataxia, spasticity, weakness, cardiomyopathy and sensory neuropathy.

Begins in the 1st decade of life with gait ataxia, hand clumsiness and dysarthria,

Wheelchair bound within 5 years and death by 40-50

Impaired vibration and proprioception, pain, temperature and light touch.

44
Q

What does ALS stand for?

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

45
Q

What is ALS

A
  • Most common motor neurone disease
    -Progressive loss of motor neurones
    -Males slightly more affected
  • presents from 5th Decade of life usually
    -Sporadic and familial - toxic protein acumulation
  • progressive weakness and eventually death due to respiratory insufficiency
46
Q

What are Prion diseases?

A

A group of disorders caused by prions - abnormal forms of a cellular protein that cause rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorders

May be sporadic, familial or transmitted

RAD514 (21 decks)

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