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Neuro Degenerative Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the skull

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

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2
Q

What are the 3 membranous layers around the brain

A

Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter

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3
Q

Which space is CSF in?

A

Subarachnoid space

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4
Q

What does the frontal lobe control?

A

Higher cognitive functions

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5
Q

What does the parietal lobe control?

A

Sensory input - representation and integration
Spatial discrimination
Taste
Receptive speech

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6
Q

What does the occipital lobe control?

A

Visual input and processing

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7
Q

Where is the insula found in the brain?

A

Lies medial to / or added to the temporal lobe

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8
Q

What does the insula control?

A
  • vestibular function
  • language
  • perception of visceral sensation
  • emotions
  • limbic functions
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9
Q

What does the limbic (or cingulate cortex) control?

A

Influences emotions and autonomic functions

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10
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Balance, Motor co-ordination, Tone And Posture

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11
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A

Conveys motor, sensory and autonomic information between the higher centres and the rest of the body

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12
Q

What does the thalamus control?

A

Gateway to the cortex - relay centre between cortex and sub cortex

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13
Q

What does the basal ganglia contain?

A
  • several deep grey matter nuclei within the forebrain, midbrain and diencephalon
  • caudate nucleus, pudamen, globus, pallidus/pallidum, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus
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14
Q

What is within the limbic complex?

A

Cingulate gurus
Splenic gyrus
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Fornix
Dentate gyrus

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sub cortical layer?

A

Thalamus
Basal ganglia
Limbic complex

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16
Q

Most common types of neurodegenerative diseases

A

~ Alzheimer’s disease
~ vascular dementia
~ Parkinson’s

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17
Q

Other neurodegenerative diseases

A

+ FTD - Frontal temporal dementia
+ ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
+ spinocerebella ataxia
+ multiple system atrophy
+ Lewy body dementia
+ Huntingtons disease
+ Frederick’s ataxia
+ corticobasal degeneration
+ progressive supreanuclear palsy
+ prion disease

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18
Q

what are the 2 clinical manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases?

A
  1. Dementia
  2. Movement disorder
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19
Q

What things come under dementia?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gradual progressive impairment of higher cognitive functions

  • memory
  • judgement/planning
  • personality
  • language
  • visuopsatial orientation
20
Q

What things come under movement disorder?

Study These Flashcards
A

Most common - Parkinsonism
Others include
* ataxia
*Chorea
* Muscle atrophy
*tremors
*rigidity
* Bradykinesia

21
Q

What is Ataxia?

Study These Flashcards
A

A group of disorders affecting co-ordination, balance and speech

22
Q

What is Chorea?

Study These Flashcards
A

Involuntary, irregular or unpredictable muscle movements.

23
Q

What is bradykinesia?

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A

Slowness of movement

24
Q

What are the different types of dementia?

Study These Flashcards
A

~ Alzheimer’s disease
~ vascular dementia
~ Lewy body dementia
~ Frontotemporal dementia
~ CJD (creutzfeld-Jakob disease) and other prion diseases

They can co-exist

25
Which 2 other neurodegenerative diseases can cause dementia?
Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease
26
What are the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease?
Increased incidence with age Family history
27
What is the clinical presentation of Alzheimer’s?
Loss of higher cognitive functions eg:memory
28
What is the pathology associated with Alzheimer’s?
Beta amyloid protein forms plaques Neurofibbrillary tangles of tau protein
29
What are the risk factors for vascular dementia?
increased incidence with age Athlerosclerosis Hypertension
30
What is the clinical presentation for vascular dementia ?
Loss of higher cognitive function eg: memory
31
What is the pathology associated with vascular dementia?
Accumulation of cortical infarcts/ white matter lesions
32
What are the risk factors for Lewy body dementia?
Increased incidence with age Family history including of PD (Parkinson’s)
33
What is the clinical presentation of Lewy body dementia?
Loss of higher cognitive function eg: memory - Parkinsonism (lesss tremor) - hallucinations, fluctuation typical
34
What is the associated pathology with Lewy body dementia?
Lewy bodies accumulate in the brain Affects the brainstem/ basal ganglia
35
What are the risk factors for frontotemporal dementia?
Usually appears between 45 - 65 Family history
36
What is the clinical presentation of FT dementia?
Loss of higher cognitive functions typically personality/ behaviour issues / aphasia before memory loss
37
What is the associated pathology of FT dementia?
Focal degeneration of the frontal/temporal lobes Tau protein deposits
38
What are the risk factors for Parkinson’s?
Increased incidence with age Family history 10 - 15% familial
39
What are the clinical presentations of Parkinson’s disease?
Parkinsonism (tremor) Many other symptoms including : demitasse, sleep issues, bowel issues, dizziness
40
What is the associated pathology for Parkinson’s disease?
Lewy bodies Loss of neurones in substantia nigra
41
What are the 3 Parkinson’s plus syndromes?
1. Progressive suprenuclear palsy 2. Multiple system atrophy 3.Corticobasal degeneration
42
What is Huntington’s disease?
Movement disorder : autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat genetic disease Loss of GABAergic neurones in basal ganglia Atrophy of putamen and caudate nucleus (dorsal striatum) Cognitive, motor and behavioural features that are ultimately fatal
43
What is Friederich Ataxia?
Autosomal recessive disease: most common here dietary ataxia Progressive ataxia, spasticity, weakness, cardiomyopathy and sensory neuropathy. Begins in the 1st decade of life with gait ataxia, hand clumsiness and dysarthria, Wheelchair bound within 5 years and death by 40-50 Impaired vibration and proprioception, pain, temperature and light touch.
44
What does ALS stand for?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
45
What is ALS
- Most common motor neurone disease -Progressive loss of motor neurones -Males slightly more affected - presents from 5th Decade of life usually -Sporadic and familial - toxic protein acumulation - progressive weakness and eventually death due to respiratory insufficiency
46
What are Prion diseases?
A group of disorders caused by prions - abnormal forms of a cellular protein that cause rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorders May be sporadic, familial or transmitted

RAD514 (21 decks)

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