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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gene that is expressed at the base of limbs in a zone of polarizing activity?

A

SHH (sonic hedgehog gene)

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2
Q

MCH1 likes to bind to what type of T cell

A

CD8 Killer cells

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3
Q

What does the SHH gene do?

A

The sonic hedgehog gene regulates patterning along the anterior-posterior axis.

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4
Q

MCH 2 (II) binds to what kind of cells?

A

CD4 helper T cells

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5
Q

What two layers make up the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

epiblast and hypoblast

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6
Q

What layer develops into ALLLL

A

Epiblast

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7
Q

Yolk sac will develop into what?

A

Allantois

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8
Q

The embryo exists as a bilaminar disk during the _______ week of development.

A

2nd

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9
Q

Describe the shunts of fetal circulation?

A
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10
Q

What structures are you bypassing in fetal circulation?

A

the liver once and the lungs twice….
(meaning you avoid using the liver in one of the shunts, and the lungs in two of the shunts)

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11
Q

the first pharyngeal cleft becomes what?

A

the external auditory meatus

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12
Q

The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th pharyngeal cleft becomes what?

A

temporary cervical sinuses
they are obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme

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13
Q

During fetal development, _____ typically forms the CNS and brain, while _____ typically forms the PNS and non-neural structures nearby.

A

Neuroectoderm
neural crest cells

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14
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 5
Trigeminal - mandibular branch, muscles of mastication

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15
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 7
Facial
ADD MORE

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16
Q

Arch 3; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 9
Glossopharyngeal
ADD MORE

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17
Q

Arch 4; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 9 and 10
VAGUS
Superior laryngeal N
ADD MORE

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18
Q

Arch 4; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

CN 10
VAGUS N; Superior laryngeal branch

Muscles: pahryngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini
- posterior 1/3 tongue
Cartilage: thyroid

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19
Q

The fetal component of the placenta consists of which two cell types?

A

Cytotrophoblast; syncytiotrophoblast

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20
Q

Pharyngeal Arch 6; what cranial nerve might be affected?

A

SPEAK; Speech

VAGUS; recurrent and inferior laryngeal branch
MUscles: all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
Cartilage: sing and act, AND THYROID

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21
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch

A

EAR

Middle ear cavity, eustachain tube, mastoid aid cells
- contributes to endoderm-lined structures of the ear

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22
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch

A

tonsils
- epithelial lining of palatine tonsils

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23
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch

A

inferior parathroids, thymus
- dorsal wings - inferior parathyroids
- ventral wings - thymus

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24
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch

A

Superior Parathyroids
Dorsal wings - superior parathyroids
Ventral wings - parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid

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25
The umbilical cord contains how many umbilical arteries and umbilical veins?
Two arteries and one vein
26
Do the umbilical arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood
27
AFAB
default development (if no androgens present) - mesonephric duct degenerates and the male remnantis appendix testes - paramesonephric (mullerian) duct develops -- develops into female internal structures --> these are the fallopian tubes, uterus, proximal vagina
28
distal vagina is from what...
urogenital sinus
29
AMAB
needs androgens to develop - paramesonephric duct DEgenerates (female remnant is gartner duct) - mesonephric (Wolffian) duct develops -- develops into male internal structures (except prostate)
30
SEED in AMAB stands for...
Seminal Vesicles Epididymis Ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens
31
SRY gene of __ chromosome....
of the Y chromosome produces testis determining factor this leads ot testes development
32
Sertoli cells secrete
Mulerian inhibitor factor this suppresses developmnet of paramesonephric duct
33
Leydig cells secrete _______
androgens which stimulate development of mesonephric duct
34
Briefly describe the sexual differentiation flow chart
35
W hat is the order of branchial apparatus components, from outside to inside?
Clefts, Arches, Pouches (remember: CAP covers outside from inside)
36
Gubernaculum – band of fibrous tissue
Male Remnant – anchors testes within scrotum * Female Remnant – ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus
37
Processus vaginalis – fibrous tissue evagination of peritoneum
Male Remnant – forms tunica vaginalis - Pouch of serous membrane that covers the testes Female Remnant – obliterated
38
Describe the steps of chamber septation?
1. septum primum grows 2. ostium primum narroes 3. ostium secundum forms in septum primum 4. septum secundum deveops on R side of septum primum 5. septum secundum expands and covers most of ostium secundum 6. septum primum that remains forms a one-way valve of foramen ovale 7. Septum primum closes against septum secundum -- this seals foramen ovale 8. septum secundum and primum fuse during infancy forming atrial septum
39
The VENTRICLE septation of chambers
1. Muscular interventricular septum forms Opening is interventricular foramen 2. Aorticopulmonary septum rotates and fuses with muscular ventricular septum to form membranous interventricular septum (closing interventricular foramen) 3. Growth of endocardial cushions separates atria from ventricles and contributes to both atrial septation and membranous portion of interventricular septum
40
Ascending aorta / Pulmonary trunk... formation
Truncal and bulbar ridges spiral and fuse to form; arise from neural crest cell migrations
41
Aortic and pulmonary valve formation
Endocardial cushions of outflow tract
42
Mitral / Tricuspid valves formation
Fused endocardial cushions of AV canal
43
Truncus arteriosis gives rise to what adult structure
ascending aorta pulmonary trunk
44
Name the three shunts
Ductus Venosus Foramen ovale Pulmonary trunk INSTEAD OF THE LIVER and LUNG, LUNG
45
What does the FUNCTION of the lung come from?
ENDODERM
46
What 2 layers does the lung come from?
mesoderm endoderm (most of the function of lung)
47
Gastrylation of Lungs
48
Budding of lungs @4th WEEK
49
Budding of lungs @5th WEEK
50
Pseudoglandular period
51
Canicular to Saccular
52
When is a fetus viable or able to live outside of the womb?
36 weeks
53
GI development Foregut
Esophagus to duodenum at the level of pancreatic duct and common bile duct insertion (ampulla of vater)
54
GI development Midgut
* Lower duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon * Week 6: physiologic herniation of midgut through umbilical ring * Week 10: returns to abdominal cavity and rotates 270 degrees counterclockwise around superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
55
GI development Hindgut
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to anal canal above pectinate line
56
Neural Development
Notochord induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate - notochord becomes nucleus pulposis of intervertebral discs neural plate -- neural tube and neural crest cells lateral walls of neural tube are divied into plates 1. alar plate (dorsal) Basal plate (ventral) -- motor, induced by SHH sonic hedgehog
57
Nephrogenesis
* Ureteric bud (metanephric diverticulum) - Derived from caudal end of mesonephric duct - Ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting ducts - Finalized by week 10 Metanephric mesenchyme (metanephric blastema) - Interacts with ureteric bud to induce differentiation and formation of glomerulus through to DCT Ureteropelvic junction - Last to canalize
57
Urologic Development, Kidney
Pronephros -- degenerates Mesonephros -- interim kidney during 1st trimester 1. Males / Wolffian duct / ductus deferens and epididymis Metanephros - Permanent Nephrogenesis complete by week 36
57
Fetal Erythropoiesis
Young liver synthessizes blood... Y Yolk sac L Liver S Spleen B Bone marrow
58
Fetal Hemoglobin Development
Alpha (always) Gamma (goes) Beta (becomes) HbF fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen (than maternal hemoglobin across the placenta)
59
Blood Types are an example of ....
Co-dominance
60
Type O blood
antigens on surface of RBC -- NONE Anti-A, AND Anti-B ANTIBODIES in plasma "universal donor" O- can give to anyone, but only recieve from O-
61
Type AB blood
antigens on surface of RBC -- A & B NO antibodies in plasma "universal receiver" AB+ can receive from any; can only give to AB+
62
Rh + vs -
ADD MORE
63
Aortic Pulmonary AP Septum
Neural crest cells migrate from the hindbrain region through pharyngeal arches 3, 4 & 6 and invade both the truncal ridges and bulbar ridge The truncal & bulbar ridges grow and twist around one another in a spiral fashion to eventually fuse into the AP septum The AP septum divides the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
64
Patient Truncus Arteriosus (PTA)
caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration so there is only partial development of the AP septum One large vessel leaves the heart and receives blood from both the R&L ventricles It’s usually accompanied by a membranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) and cyanosis from a R à L shunting of blood Pts would NEED surgical treatment
65
Clinical L-transposition of the great arteries
aorta and pulmonary trunk are transposed and the ventricels are inverted (the anatomical RV lies on the left side and the anatomical LV lies on the right side) these major deviations offset one another so that blood flow pattern is normal
66
Teratalogy of Fallot (TF) ***
abnormal neural crest cell migration (skewed development of AP septum) pulmonary trunk -- small diameter Aorta -- large diameter 4 classic malformations: 1. Pulmonary stenosis 2. Right ventricular hypertrophy 3. Overriding aorta 4. Ventricular septal defect (NEMONIC) = PROVE infants ahve marked syanosis (or R--> L shunting of blood)
67
AV Atrioventricular septum
dorsal AV & ADD MORE
68
AVSD
ADD MORE
69
70
Interventricular IV septum
ADD MORE
71
IV Septal Defects (VSDs)
depends on the size and severity of hole
72
PDA ***
common in premature infacnts and maternal rubella infection ductus arteriosus fails to close between the L pulmonary artery and aorta normally closes within a few hours after birth through smooth muscle contraction to ultimately form the ligamentum arteriosum can be treated with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors

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