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Reproductive Pathology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

  1. PRIMARY (menses has not started by age 15)
  2. SECONDARY (menstruation stops for three cycles or six months in women)

dysruption in the HPO axis…

(PCOS symptoms, hot flashes, and night sweats, glactorhea as seen in hyperprolactinemia)

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2
Q

Primary Amenorrhea

A

Turner syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
congenital absence of the uterus or vagina

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3
Q

Secondary Amenorrhea

A

pregnancy, actation
menopuase,
PCOS
hypothalamic amenorrhea
thyroid dysfunction

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4
Q

Anovulation

A

absence of ovulation
ovaries do not release oocyte during menstrual cycle
due to hormonal imbalances affecting the HPO axis… leading to insufficient stimulation of the ovaries

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5
Q

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

A

Anovulation, leading to unopposed estrogen and lack of progesterone

Hormonal imbalance: PCOS, thyroid disorders and perimenopause

Medications like OCPs

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6
Q

Complications from perimenopause/menopause

A

Osteoporosis (decreased estrogen)
Cardivascular disease
Urogenital atrohpy
increased risk of cognitive decline and mood disorders

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7
Q

Ovarian insufficiency

A

POI / lose their normal function before the age of 40

decreased production of estrogen and irregular or absent menstrual periods

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8
Q

Ovarian Insufficiency symptoms

A

Irregular or absent menstrual periods

Symptoms or estrogen deficiency like hot flashes, night sweats, and vaginal dryness

Infertility

Mood changes and depression

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9
Q

Ovarian insufficiency / failure etiology…

A

Genetics (turner, fragile X syndrome)

Autoimmune disorders

Chemotherapy or radiation therapy

Idiopathic

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10
Q

Inflammatory diseases of reproductive tract

A

Balantitis
Cervicitis
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Orchitis
PID
Salpingitis
Vaginitis

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11
Q

Balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis
- infections, poor hygiene, irritants

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12
Q

PID

A

etiology: tendency towards anaerobes and gram negative rods

chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

Orchitis

A

inflammation of one or both testicals

Viral – mumps
Bacterial – e coli

OR STIS (G C)
trauma / injury
Autoimmune reactions

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14
Q

Salpingitis

A

Inflammation of fallopian tubes
(often from bacterial infections)

can lead to scarring and blockages of the tubes

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15
Q

Candidal Vaginitis

A

Yeast infections / overgrowth of candida species in the vaginal mucosa

often because of: antibiotic use, high estrogen states or a compromised immune system

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16
Q

Vaginitis / candida overgrowth sxs

A

intense itching / irritation of vulva
thick white / cottage cheese like vaginal discharge
redness and swelling of the vulva
pain during intercourse
burning sensation during urination

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17
Q

Crytorchidism

A

when one or both testes fail to descend from abdomen into scrotum during fetal development

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18
Q

Epispadias

A

congenital defect resulting form improper development of urethra and genital tubercle (abnormal opening of urethra on dorsal supper surface of penis)

  • because of disruption in development of genital tubercle during embryonic period

IS THIS ENDODERM OR ECTODERM?
- 8-10 weeks in gestation

genital tubercle (ALL THREE LAYERS)

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19
Q

fragile X syndrome

A

expansion CGG trinucleotide repeate in the FMR1 gene on X chromosome

leads to decreased production of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP)

genetic mutation inherited in an X linked dominant pattern

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20
Q

Hypospadias

A

incomplete fusion of urethral folds / urethral opening on ventral side of penis

REMEMBER THAT ANATOMICAL POSITION IS when penis is erect…

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21
Q

Imperforate Hymen

A

imperforate hymen results from incomplete degeneration of central portion of the hymen leading to a membrane covering the vaginal opening

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22
Q

Klenefelter syndrome

A

caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome

leads to androgen deficiency and hypogonadism

sxs: tall stature with long limbs, gynecomastia, small testes, reduced testosterone levels

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23
Q

Paraphimosis

A

when the foreskin is retracted behind the glans penis and cannot be returned to its normal position leading to construction and swelling

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24
Q

Phimosis

A

inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis due to tightness

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25
Septate vagina
incomplete resorption of the mullerian ducts during fetal development leads to septum within the uterus or vagina
26
Turners Syndrome
complete or partial monosomy of the X chromosome which leads to developmental and physiological abnormalities sxs short stature webbed neck broad chest with widely spaced nipples lymphedema or hands and feet in infancy congenital heart defects leads to cvd abnormalities kidney challenges osteoporosis increased risk of autoimmune disorders
27
Erectile Dysfunction
Often: 1. vascular (athersclerosis, hypertension, diabetes) 2. neurological (spinal cord injury... ms, neuropathy)
28
Hematocele
accumulation of blood within the tunica vaginalis (surrounding testicle) *problem of hydrostatic pressure Painful swelling of scrotum
29
Hydrocele
Accumulatio of serous fluids between layers of tunica vaginalis surrounding testicle imbalance of fluid secretion and absorption *transillumination of scrotum *heaviness or discomfort in scrotum
30
Spermatocele
benign cystic accumulation of sperm in epididymis (painless fluid filled cyst in epididymis) *** arises from blockages of efferent ducts
31
Varicocele
abnormal dilation of the pampiniform plexus of veins within the scrotum ***often defective venous valves leading to blood pooling "bag of worms"
32
Fibrocystic breast disease
non-cancerous changes in the breast tissue, leading to the development of fibrous tissue and cysts
33
Galactocele
milk-filled cyst that occurs due to blockage of lactiferous duct in the breast shortly after lactation BECAUSE of obstruction of milk ducts during lactation infrequent breastfeeding or weaning can contribute to duct blockage
34
Mammary duct ectasia
dilation and inflammation of the milk ducts beneath the nipple typically occurs around menopause **nipple discharge can be thick and greenish; nipple inversion and rectraction
35
Mastitis
infection of breast tissue, common during breastfeeding inflammation, pain and infection due to bacterial entry through cracked nipples BECAUSE: staphlococcus aureus
36
Truamatic fat nectosis
fatty breast tissue is damaged often due to injury or surgery leading to inflammation and necrosis of the adipose tissue
37
38
Paget **
malignant cells extending from the ducts to the skin of the nipple and areola associated with underlying ductal carcinoma in situ sxs: erythema and eczematous changes of the nipple and areola, nipple discharge, itching and burning sensation
39
Fibroadenoma
benign breast tumor composed of glandular and fibrous tissue
40
lobular carcinoma
arises from the lobules of the breast, where milk is produced
41
Ductal Carcinoma
originates in the milk ducts and can be in situ (DCIS) or invasive IDC
42
Dermoid cyst
Ovarian cyst TERATOMA
43
Ovarian Cyst
fluid filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary 1. functional cysts: follicular cysts, and corpus luteum cysts (from normal ovulation) 2. Pathological cysts: include dermoid cysts (teratomas), cystademonas and endometriomas
44
Paraovarian Cysts
fluid filled sacs located in the broad ligament adjacent to but separate from the Ovary. they arise from the remnants of the wolffian duct or paramesonephric duct **** developmental remnants of embryoloical structures
45
PCOS
chronic anovulation hyperandrogenism polycystic ovaries
46
Tubo-ovarian cysts
TOA (tubo ovarian cysts or abcessess) are complex infections involving the fallopian tube and ovary -- leads to PID often metabolic component
47
Choriocarcinoma
malignant tumor arising from trophoblastic tissue abnormal proliferation of trophiblastic cells and lack of chorionic villi *elevated levels of hCG, vaginal bleeding, sxs related to metastasis like cough, hemooptysis, headahce
48
Hydatidiform mole
gestational trophoblastic disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic tissue and dyropic degeneration of chorionic villi aka.... fertilization of an egg with no genetic material by one or two sperm... resulting in 46 chromosomes entirely paternally derived sxs: - vaginal bleeding in first trimester uterus larger than expected for gestational age elevated hCG levels Hyperemesis gravidarum preEclampsia before 20 weeks gestation snowstorm pattern on ultrasound
49
complete mole
fertilization of an egg with no genetic material by one or two sperm... resulting in 46 chromosomes entirely paternally derived
50
invasive mole
type of gestational trophoblastic disease where the molar tissue invades the myometrium sometimes extends into adjacent structures and metastasizing
51
Preeclampsia
multisystem disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks gestation endothelial dysfunction, placental ischemia and an imbalance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors ***involves abnormal placental and immune response Clinical sxs: hypertension, proteinuria, edema, headache, visual disturbances, epigastric pain, HELLP syndrome
52
Bartholin cysts
result from the obstruction of the bartholin gland ducts, leads to the accumulation of mucous and the formation of a cyst ***blockage of the duct, due to infection, trauma or inflammation
53
Cystocele
ADD
54
Rectocele
ADD
55
Urethrocele
ADD
56
Cervical intracepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
CIN represents precancerous changes in the cerivcal epithelium (CIN1) CIN2, or CIN3 (mild to severe) *** HPV 16, 18 increase risk for CIN ***this could lead to carcinoma in situ
57
58
Endometrial Hypertplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia involving the proliferation of endometrial glands due to prolonged estrogen stimulation without progesterone BECAUSE: PCOS, estrogen secreting tumors, unopposed estrogen exposure, HRT
59
Fibroids / (Leiomyomas)
smooth muscle, MYOMETRIUM tissue influenced by hormonal factors, specifically estrogen and progesterone
60
Invasive carcinoma of the cervix
develops from high grade CIN and involves the invasion of malignant cells beyond the basement membrane *ALSO persistent infections with high risk HPV 16 and 18
61
Leiomyosarcomas
RARE MALIGNANT tumors of smooth muscle origin *typically arises de novo rather than from pre-existiting leiomyomas Clinical: rapidly enlarging pelvic masses
62
Prostate Carcinoma
originates from the glandular cells of the prostate (typically in the peripheral zone) Clinical: urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, weak stream... also bone pain, weight loss and anemia
63
Tumors of the Ovary
ovarian tumors can be benign or malignant, arises from epithelial cells, germ cells or stromal cells *Braca1 and 2 increase risk
64
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis
squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (arises from the epithelial cell of the penile skin OR mucosa)
65

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