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Practice Test Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

alanine and aspartate….

A

both precursors to ALT and AST

Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferse

liver metabolism

can be a sign of liver failure or damage or disease

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1
Q

coccidiodomycosis

A

Valley fever
cauased by fungus

endospores in the lungs

spherules containing endospores

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2
Q

hepatic portal circulation

A

collect absorbed nutrnets or metabolic processing in the LIVER

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3
Q

chronic ganulomatous disease… what goes wrong in the body following…

A

defective functioning of phagocytic neutrophils and monocytes

because of inability to produce hydrogen peroxide

classic form of chronic granulomatous disease affects boys and causes death ebfore the page og 10

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4
Q

eosinophilia

A

is an increase in the number of esosinophils in the blood

this is associated with parasitic infections

specifically WORMS

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5
Q

malaria

A

parasitic inection of RBC…. leads to anemia

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6
Q

viral infections result in

A

lymphocytosis

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7
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

liver process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

Precursors: lactate, glycerol, and amino acids

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8
Q

What kind of energy does the brain use

A

glucose

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9
Q

striated muscle can produce what kind of fuel source:

A

GLUCOSE… from glycogen

through the process of: glycogenolysis

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10
Q

Toxic shock syndrome microorganism…

A

staph aureus

(and sometimes staph pyogenes)

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11
Q

STAPHlooccus aureus

A

the organism that colonizes tampons that leads to TSS

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12
Q

STREPtococcus pyogenes

A

secrete extotoxin A and B

can affect either sex/gender,

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13
Q

erysipleas

A

caused by a dermal streptococci (s pyogenes) infection of the face and scalp…

has a butterfly distrubution

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14
Q

neonatal impetigo

A

caused by staph that produces epidermolytic toxin…

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15
Q

why can staph aureus spread in athletic equipment

A

it is resistant to salt

AND its growth is not inhibited by sweat

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16
Q

Matrix of Mitochodria

A

inner mitochondrial membrane: invaginated membrane

matrix of mitochondria:
- krebs cycle / citric acid cycle

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17
Q

elastic fibers are where

A

skin, lungs and blood vessel walls

this allows tissues to stretch and recoil

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18
Q

simple columnar epithelium is found…

A

in the digestive tract

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19
Q

reticular fibers are found…

A

in lymphoid organs

and support the soft tissue of these organss

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20
Q

simple squamous epithelium lines

A

the air sacs of lungs and blood vessels

(but they dont allow for elasticity!)

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21
Q

desmosomes

A

provide strong adhesion between cells

Esp in tissues that experience stress – like cardiac muscle tissue

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22
Q

transport proteins

A

provide TRANSPORT not structure

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23
Q

tight junctions

A

create a barrier to prevent the leakage of molecultes betwen cells

BUT do not provide the same level of mechanical strength as desmosomes

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24
organs or tissues prever to use ketone bodies like "acetoacetate" as fuel energy instead of glucose?
HEART MUSCLE ANDDDD renal cortex
25
the liver uses what for energy needs
it relies on fatty acids for energy
26
schistosoma is...
a parasitic worm that can cause lesions during its reproductive stage
27
sensory afferent division
carries sensory information TO the CNS
28
somatic nervous system
controls voluntary muscle movements
29
hypertropohy
an increase in the size of cells ex: enlarged skeletal muscle bc of repeated exericse, enlarged cardiac muscle bc of hypertension
30
hyperplasia
increase in something as a RESPONSE to something... it can be pathologic or just abnormal and not pathologic
31
metaplasia
cell type changing from one to another
32
atrophy
a decrease in the size and function of cells
33
dysplasia
disorganized growth... and has atypical cells (think actinic keratosis, or cervical dysplasia)
34
Glycoproteins:
proteoglycans - heavily glycosylated proteins but associated with extracellular matrix mucins - extensively O-glycosylated with N-acetyl glagactosamine simple glycoproteins -less extensive... ...glycosaminoglycans - polysaccaride chains that are attached to proteins to FORM proteoglycans....
35
lymphocyte development
lymphocyte developmetn... 1. presentation of antigen 2. B cell challenge 3. antibody production
36
T lymphocytes
originate from the hematopoeitic stem cells in Red Bone marrow and mature in the thymus
37
hyperlipiproteinemia
most frequent Mendelian disorder.... it is a mutation in the low density lipoprotein LDL receptor causing increased LDL and cholesterol
38
albumin
is a plasma protein it contributes to the colloid osmotic pressure to help retain water in the blood vessels REDUCED albumin decreases the colloid osmotic pressure... which leads to a loss of fluid from the capillaries into the surrounding tissues -- resulting in edema
39
types of joints
synovial joints are separated by a joint cavity... they are considered to be DIARTHROTIC
40
cartilagenous joints
pubic symphysis (separated completely by cartilage)
41
Citric acid cycle
STUDY
41
elbow joint...
hinge joint... diarthrotic because it allows for flexion and extension it is also uniaxial
41
Use of NSAIDS causes what kind of gastritis...
Acute gastritis
41
Cardiac Output
determines the blood flow through the entire vascular system
42
P type ATPases
Na+ and K+ ATP utilizes 1/3 of the organisms total ATP Ca2+ ATP is the key enzyme in muscle contraction because it transports Ca2+ ions out of the cytoplasm Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is required for muscle contraction
43
Arthus reaction
is a type of localized immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction Type III, hypersensitivity... it occurs when antigen antibody complexes deposit in tissues and it leads to an inflammatory response
44
Histamine receptors
histamine receptors, or H2 receptors are located on PARIETAL CELLS in the stomach lining.... when the receptors are blocked the production and secretion of stomach acid (HCl) is reduced
45
Chief Cells secrete...
secrete pepsinogen
46
surface epitheliacl cells
secrete mucous and bicarbonate
47
mucous neck cells
aslo secrete mucos but are NOT involved in acid secretion
48
Helicobactor pylori
small curved gram negative rod found in mucous overlying the surface / fovelar epithelium Changes effect the antral or antral body fundic mucosa STRONGLY ASSOCIATED with the development of stomach ulcers
49
chronic gastritis is characterized by what
the presence of lymphocytes and plasma cells
50
pancreatic amylase
breaks down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars
51
pepsinogen
is an inactive enzyme precursor that is secreted by chief cells and is converted to pepsin in the acidic environemnt of the stomach it is involved with protein digestion
52
pituitary adenoma
two types 1. ACROMEGALY.... if in adults after closure of epiphyseal plates - growth of distal extremities... growth of the skull and face bones 2. gigantism (if it occurs in children prior to closure of epiphyseal plates death??? -- usually cardiac failure!
53
cretinism
thyroid hormone deficiency
54
apoplexy
sudden loss of sensation and consciousness - usually from pressure on the brain or infarction of the pituitary
55
Glycolysis cycle
Glucose - (requires ATP) Glucose 6 phosphate - (requires ATP) Fructose 6 phosphate Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (and DHAP) or dihydroacetone phosphate THIS IS THE ENERGY REQUIRING PHASE Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate 1.3 bisphosphoglycerate - (this creates an ATP) 3 phosphoglycerate 2 phosphoglycerate - release of H20 phosphoenolpyruvate - (creates an ATP) pyruvate THIS IS THE ENERGY GIVING PHASE - this happens twice, so 4 ATP are produced.... net ATP is 2
56
Regulatory T cells
maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases by supressing immune responses ENHANCING T reg activity is beneficial....
57
steriod hormones
lipid soluble and bind to large plasms proteins for transport into bloodstream ***they cannot pass through filtration membrane of kindneys (so they stay in the bloodstream longer and so they have a longer half life)`
58
toxoplasma gondii exposure is in...
eating rate meats and changing the cat's litter box... increased risk of TOXOMPLASMOSIS (infection of the toxoplasma gondii) CAT LITTER = TOXOMPLASMOSIS
58
how is a goiter formed
iodine deficiency... or an enlargement of the thyroid gland; the thyroid gland needs iodine to synthesize thyroid homrones When iodine intake is insufficient, they thyroid cannot poduce enough hormones... this leads to increased thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release and the tyroid gland enlargement is an attempt to capture more iodine...
59
taenia saginata
tapeworm that infects humans in undercooked beef
60
cryptosporidium
protozoa that causes GI illness
61
subarachnoid hemorrhage is due to .... berry aneurysms
commonly found in the Circle of Willis between the anterior communicating artery with anterior cerebral artery OR middle cerebral artery and posterior communicating artery sxs: "worst headache of my life" bleeding in the subarachnoid space vomitting,pain, stiffnes in nech papilledema DEATH (can happen rapidly)
62
What does 2,3 bidphosphoglycerate bind to
beta chains of deoxygenated hemoglobins in the hemoglobin molecule *binding is facilitated by positively charged residues like HISTIDINE.... Arginine carries an even stronger positive charge becuase it has a higher pKa...
62
Histidine
histidine residues carry a positive charge at physiological pH
63

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