Embryology of foregut, midgut, and hindgut

Question 1

Vacuoles develop in this mesoderm subtype leading to the formation of intraembryonic coelom

Answer 1

Lateral plate mesoderm

Question 2

Intraembryonic coelom expansion leads to formation of these 2 layers of the lateral plate mesoderm

Answer 2

Parietal and visceral layers

Question 3

This mesoderm gives rise to abdominal wall and peritoneal cavity

Answer 3

Parietal plate mesoderm

Question 4

This mesoderm gives rise to connective tissue of gut and smooth muscle of gut tube

Answer 4

Visceral plate mesoderm

Question 5

As a result of craniocaudal and lateral folding, a portion of this is incorporated into embryo to form the primitive gut tube

Answer 5

Yolk sac

Question 6

Congenital abdominal wall defect towards the right side of the umbilicus and protruded bowel not covered by membrane
Failure of migration and fusion of the lateral folds of the embryonic disc on the 3rd-4th week of gestation

Answer 6

Gastroschisis

Question 7

Gastroschisis is due to failure of migration and fusion of these

Answer 7

Lateral folds of the embryonic disc

Normally fuse on the 3rd-4th week of gestation

Question 8

This is where visceral and parietal layers of peritoneum are continuous with each other

Answer 8

Dorsal mesentery

Question 9

The primitive abdominal gut is initially a straight tube suspended in the peritoneal cavity by this

Answer 9

Dorsal mesentery

Question 10

Dorsal mesentery is where these layers of peritoneum are continuous with each other

Answer 10

Visceral and parietal layers

Question 11

This part of the mesentery gives rise to a multitude of structures as it is invaded by the liver

Answer 11

Ventral mesentery

Question 12

This becomes obliterated after birth and is replaced by a fibrous cord known as the ligamentum teres

Answer 12

Umbilical vein

Question 13

The umbilical vein becomes obliterated after birth and is replaced by a fibrous cord known as this

Answer 13

Ligamentum teres

Question 14

Development of this due to stomach rotation gives rise to the ligaments of the spleen

Answer 14

Dorsal mesentery

Question 15

Development of the dorsal mesentery due to stomach rotation gives rise to the ligaments of this organ

Answer 15

spleen

Question 16

By the 4th week, this structure, which is now the peritoneal cavity, becomes partitioned into pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

Answer 16

Intraembryonic coelom

Question 17

This is a block of mesoderm that lies between the pericardial and peritoneal partitions and forms connective tissue in the liver and the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 17

Septum transversum

Question 18

The primitive gut tube is initially closed at its cranial end by this, and at its caudal end the cloacal membrane

Answer 18

Oropharyngeal membrane

Question 19

The primitive gut tube is initially closed at its cranial end by the oropharyngeal membrane, and at its caudal end by this

Answer 19

Cloacal membrane

Question 20

The foregut receives supply from this artery

Answer 20

Celiac artery

Question 21

The midgut receives supply from this artery

Answer 21

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 22

The hindgut receives supply from this artery

Answer 22

Inferior mesenteric artery

Question 23

This part of the primordial gut receives arterial supply from the celiac artery

Answer 23

Foregut

Question 24

This part of the primordial gut receives arterial supply from the superior mesenteric artery

Answer 24

Midgut

Question 25

This part of the primordial gut receives arterial supply from the inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 25

Hindgut

Question 26

The tracheoesophageal septum gradually partitions this diverticulum from the dorsal part of the foregut

Answer 26

Respiratory diverticulum

Question 27

This results from the failure of the primitive foregut to recanalize

Answer 27

Esophageal atresia

Question 28

Esophageal atresia results from the failure of this to recanalize

Answer 28

Primitive foregut

Question 29

This occurs due to failure of the lung bud to separate completely from the foregut

Answer 29

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 30

Tracheoesophageal fistula occurs due to failure of this to separate completely from the foregut

Answer 30

Lung bud

Question 31

Tracheoesophageal fistula occurs due to failure of lung bud to separate completely from this

Answer 31

Foregut

Question 32

In this defect, liquid can pass into the baby's lungs, which can result in pneumonia

Answer 32

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Question 33

Does the primitive stomach rotate 90 degress clockwise or counterclockwise during development?

Answer 33

Clockwise

Question 34

This condition forms a small palpable mass ("olive"), causing a narrow pyloric lumen that obstructs food passage

Answer 34

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Question 35

This condition is more prevalent in males and associated clinically with projectile vomiting after feeding and a small, palpable mass at the right costal margin

Answer 35

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Question 36

Does the ventral or dorsal pancreatic bud give rise to the main pancreatic duct (Wirsung)?

Answer 36

Ventral

Question 37

Is the entrance to the common bile duct originally ventral or dorsal?

Answer 37

Ventral becomes a dorsal structure with the rotation

Question 38

This portion of the duodenum is intraperitoneal, while the rest of the duodenum is retroperitoneum

Answer 38

Superior portion (due to the hepatoduodenal ligament)

Question 39

The hepatocytes and simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium lining the biliary tree of the definitive liver are derived from endoderm or mesoderm?

Answer 39

Endoderm

Question 40

Kupffer’s cells, hematopoietic cells, endothelium of the sinusoids, and fibroblasts (connective tissue) of the definitive liver are derived from endoderm or mesoderm?

Answer 40

Mesoderm

Question 41

Does the midgut loop rotate 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise during development?

Answer 41

counterclockwise (contrast to stomach, which rotates clockwise)

Question 42

Does the rotation of the midgut loop bring the cranial limb (small intestine) to the right or left?

Answer 42

Right

Question 43

Does the rotation of the midgut loop bring the caudal limb (large intestine) to the right or left?

Answer 43

Left

Question 44

Failure of the most proximal portion of the omphalomesenteric duct to obliterate results in this defect

Answer 44

Meckel's diverticulum

Question 45

Failure of this duct to obliterate results in a Meckel's diverticulum

Answer 45

Omphalomesenteric duct

Question 46

This part of the cloaca gives rise to the urinary bladder and urethra

Answer 46

Urogenital sinus (ventral)

Question 47

This part of the cloaca gives rise to the rectum and proximal 2/3 of anal canal

Answer 47

Anorectal canal (dorsal)

Question 48

Is the upper part of the anal canal derived from endoderm or ectoderm?

Answer 48

Endoderm (of the hindgut)

Question 49

Is the lower part of the anal canal derived from endoderm or ectoderm?

Answer 49

Ectoderm (around the proctodeum or anal pit)

Question 50

The inferior portion of the hindgut is delineated by the presence of this and has a different embryological origin then the rest of the hindgut

Answer 50

Pectinate line (This change from endodermal origin to ectoderm leads to difference in innervation, blood supply and lymphatic drainage)