Nutrition and disease

Question 1

This condition is severe acute malnutrition with preferential inadequate protein intake

Answer 1

Kwashiorkor

Question 2

Early weaning and high carbohydrate feeding, and nephrotic syndrome, are causes of this form of severe acute malnutrition

Answer 2

Kwashiorkor

Question 3

The result of this severe acute malnutrition form is loss of visceral protein

Answer 3

Kwashiorkor

Question 4

The result of this severe acute malnutrition form is loss of somatic protein

Answer 4

Marasmus

Question 5

What produces generalized edema in Kwashiorkor?

Answer 5

Decreased albumin production

Question 6

What causes hepatomegaly in Kwashiorkor?

Answer 6

Decreased hepatic lipoprotein production –> fatty liver

Question 7

Generalized edema and hepatomegaly are seen in this form of severe acute malnutrition

Answer 7

Kwashiorkor

Question 8

This condition is severe acute malnutrition due to decreased caloric intake
Protein intake is proportionately reduced

Answer 8

Marasmus

Question 9

Growth retardation and loss of muscle mass with preservation of head size is seen in this form of severe acute malnutrition

Answer 9

Marasmus

Question 10

In Marasmus, this type of protein is preferentially maintained

Answer 10

Visceral
(but decreased somatic protein - MSK)

Question 11

What are the levels of albumin in Marasmus?

Answer 11

Normal

Question 12

What are the levels of albumin in Kwashiorkor?

Answer 12

Low (causes edema)

Question 13

This is the most common cause of death in anorexia

Answer 13

Hypokalemia
(results in cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death)

Question 14

Does hypo- or hyperthyroidism occur in anorexia?

Answer 14

Hypothyroid

Question 15

Amenorrhea occurs in anorexia due to decrease in this

Answer 15

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Question 16

Is malnutrition more severe in anorexia or bulimia?

Answer 16

Anorexia

Question 17

Is anoreixa or bulimia more often fatal?

Answer 17

Anorexia

Question 18

Does anorexia or bulimia involve hypokalemia, leading to cardiac arrhythmias?

Answer 18

Both

Question 19

Do esophageal / gastric ulcers or ruptures occur in anorexia or bulimia?

Answer 19

Bulimia

Question 20

Are hypervitaminosis syndromes more common with fat or water soluble vitamins?

Answer 20

Fat soluble
(A, D, E, K)

Question 21

Deficiency of fat soluble vitamins may arise from this type of syndrome

Answer 21

Fat malabsorption syndromes
(pancreatitis, crohns, celiac)

Question 22

This vitamin functions in epithelial differentiation (especially mucinous), embryology, cell division and differentiation

Answer 22

Vitamin A

Question 23

Retinols (organ meats) and carotenes (orange vegetables) are sources of this vitamin

Answer 23

Vitamin A

Question 24

This source of Vitamin A comes from organ meats

Answer 24

Retinols

Question 25

In addition to retinitis pigmentosa, this can also cause night blindness

Answer 25

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 26

What can cause squamous metaplasia of conjunctiva in Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 26

Lack of mucin

Question 27

This is a constellation of eye findings in Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 27

Xerophthalmia

Question 28

Xerophthalmia is a constellation of eye findings due to this

Answer 28

vitamin A deficiency

Question 29

Deficiency of this vitamin mainly affects the eye, but can also cause diarrhea, and decreased mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract

Answer 29

Vitamin A

Question 30

Hypervitaminosis A is due to intake of this form

Answer 30

Active form = retinol

Question 31

Is hypervitaminatosis A due to excess consumption of carotenes?

Answer 31

No is due to intake of active form - retinol

Question 32

This hypervitaminosis results in cerebral edema, bone abnormalities, hepatomegaly, and is teratogenic

Answer 32

Vitamin A

Question 33

Excess of this vitamin is teratogenic

Answer 33

Vitamin A

Question 34

In addition to being teratogenic, excess vitamin A also mainly affects this structure

Answer 34

Brain --> cerebral edema (pseudotumor cerebri)

Question 35

Fat soluble vitamin involved in calcium metabolism

Answer 35

Vitamin D

Question 36

Cholecalciferol is a form of this vitamin

Answer 36

Vitamin D

Question 37

Vitamin D is converted to active form (1,25 dihydroxyD3) in this structure

Answer 37

Kidney

Question 38

Vitamin D is stimulated by this hormone and hypocalcemia

Answer 38

Parathyroid hormone

Question 39

Vitamin D is stimulated by parathyroid hormone, and hypo- or hypercalcemia?

Answer 39

Hypocalcemia

Question 40

This vitamin is stimulated by parathyroid hormone and hypocalcemia

Answer 40

Vitamin D

Question 41

Does Vitamin D increase or decrease intestinal Ca absorption?

Answer 41

Increase

Question 42

Does Vitamin D increase or decrease renal reabsorption of Ca?

Answer 42

Increase

Question 43

This vitamin increases intestinal Ca, renal reabsorption of Ca, and bone mineralization

Answer 43

Vitamin D

Question 44

Normal bones with decreased mineralization are seen in this vitamin deficiency

Answer 44

Vitamin D deficiency (osteomalacia)

Question 45

This hypervitaminosis will cause hypercalcemia, bone pain, and metastatic calcification

Answer 45

Vitamin D

Question 46

This vitamin is a cofactor for production of clotting factors

Answer 46

Vitamin K

Question 47

Vitamin K is a cofactor for the production of this

Answer 47

Clotting factors

Question 48

Vitamin K is derived from metabolism of this

Answer 48

Coliform bacteria

Question 49

This vitamin is derived from coliform bacteria metabolism

Answer 49

Vitamin K

Question 50

What are the Vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

Answer 50

Factors II, VII, IX, X (pro-coag) also protein C and protein S (anti-coag)

Question 51

Deficiency states of this vitamin occur with neonates, significant antibiotic use, and fat malabsorption

Answer 51

Vitamin K

Question 52

The result of this vitamin deficiency is bleeding diathesis

Answer 52

Vitamin K

Question 53

Ascorbic acid is this vitamin

Answer 53

Vitamin C

Question 54

Vitamin C is entirely derived from this

Answer 54

diet (milk, liver, fish, vegetables, fruit)

Question 55

This vitamin is involved in hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues Most important in collagen synthesis

Answer 55

Vitamin C

Question 56

Vitamin C is involved in hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and is most important in synthesis of this

Answer 56

collagen

Question 57

Corkscrew hairs are seen in this vitamin deficiency

Answer 57

Vitamin C (Scurvy)

Question 58

Skin bruising, poor wound healing, corkscrew hairs, and periodontal disease/loosening with bleeding gums, are seen in this vitamin deficiency

Answer 58

Vitamin C (Scurvy)

Question 59

Thiamine is this vitamin

Answer 59

Vitamin B1

Question 60

Deficiency in this vitamin occurs with malnutrition and especially chronic alcohol abuse

Answer 60

Vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Question 61

This B vitamin participates in carboxylation reactions

Answer 61

Vitamin B1

Question 62

Riboflavin is this vitamin

Answer 62

Vitamin B2

Question 63

This B vitamin is involved in many redox reactions

Answer 63

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Question 64

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is absorbed in this location

Answer 64

Jejunum

Question 65

This vitamin deficiency involves atrophic glossitis, angular cheilitis, and corneal vascularization

Answer 65

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)

Question 66

This vitamin acts as a proton acceptor for Krebs cycle and other redox reactions

Answer 66

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Question 67

Niacin is known as this vitamin

Answer 67

Vitamin B3

Question 68

Deficiency of this vitamin may occur in cereal grain diets (corn-based diets) or with isoniazid prescription

Answer 68

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Question 69

Pellagra is a deficiency in this vitamin

Answer 69

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Question 70

Dermatitis, diarrheal illness, and dementia are characteristic of this vitamin deficiency

Answer 70

Vitamin B3 (niacin)

Question 71

Cracked pavement or flaking paint skin rash, often in sun-exposed areas, with "Casal's necklace" is seen in this vitamin deficiency

Answer 71

Vitamin B3 (niacin) = Pellagra

Question 72

What are the three main symptoms of Pellagra (deficiency of Vitamin B3 (niacin))?

Answer 72

Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia

Question 73

Pyridoxine is this vitamin

Answer 73

Vitamin B6

Question 74

This vitamin is a cofactor for ALA synthase

Answer 74

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 75

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is a cofactor for this enzyme

Answer 75

ALA synthase

Question 76

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is absorbed here

Answer 76

Jejunum

Question 77

Angular cheilitis/stomatitis, and sideroblastic anemia, are seen in deficiency of this vitamin

Answer 77

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 78

Sideroblastic anemia is characteristic of this vitamin deficiency

Answer 78

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

Question 79

Folate is this vitamin

Answer 79

Vitamin B9

Question 80

This B vitamin is a coenzyme for single carbon transfer reactions

Answer 80

Vitamin B9 (folate)

Question 81

Vitamin B9 (folate) is absorbed here

Answer 81

Jejunum

Question 82

Functional deficiency of this vitamin occurs with methotrexate use

Answer 82

Vitamin B9 (folate)

Question 83

Megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects in neonates occur in this vitamin deficiency

Answer 83

Vitamin B9 (folate)

Question 84

Functional deficiency of Vitamin B9 (folate) can occur with use of this drug

Answer 84

Methotrexate

Question 85

Cobalamin is this vitamin

Answer 85

Vitamin B12

Question 86

This B vitamin participates in DNA synthesis and folate reactions

Answer 86

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Question 87

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is absorbed here

Answer 87

Ileum (requires intrinsic factor, parietal cells, and acidic stomach)

Question 88

Deficiency of this vitamin can cause subacute combined deficiency (late) and megaloblastic anemia

Answer 88

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Question 89

Eczematous dermatitis that is especially perianal/perioral can occur with a deficiency of this

Answer 89

Zinc

Question 90

This is an inherited form of zinc deficiency, involving decreased ZIP4 (zinc transporter) Same manifestations as acquired disorder (dermatitis, diarrhea, hair loss, muscle wasting, mental irritability) but neonatal

Answer 90

Acrodermatitis enteropathica

Question 91

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an inherited form of this deficiency

Answer 91

Zinc

Question 92

Acrodermatitis enteropathica has this inheritance pattern

Answer 92

Autosomal recessive

Question 93

Acrodermatitis enteropathica involves a decrease in this compound

Answer 93

ZIP4 (zinc transporter)