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Urogenital Anatomy > Embryology Of Urinary System > Flashcards

Embryology Of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

The first kidney to appear is……, opposite somites…….in……region, during……
The part of it that persists becomes………

A

Pronephros, 7-14, cervical, beginning of 4th wk
Mesonephric ducts

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2
Q

The 2nd kidney to appear is……., in …..region opposite……somites.

A

Mesonephros
Thoracic & upper lumbar
14-28

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3
Q

The number of tubules of mesonephric duct is……, its medial end forms………while opposite side forms….

A

70
Bowman’s capsule
Mesonephric or Wolffian duct

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4
Q

Mention components of urogenital fold

A

Mesonephric ridge or Wolffian body laterally
Genital ridge medially

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5
Q

The mesonephric tubules degenerate from….to….., and majority disappear by…….

A

Cranial to caudal
2nd month

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6
Q

Describe fate of mesonephric tubules in male

A

Upper: form superior aberrant ductule (join rete testis)
Middle (6-12 tubules) form the vasa efferentia & head of epididymis
Lower tubules form inferior aberrant ductule (open into duct of epididymis) + the paradidymis (does not open on duct of epididymis or rete testis)

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7
Q

Describe fate of mesonephric duct in male

A

It blind upper end forms appendix of epididymis
The rest will give:
1. Body & tail of epididymis
2. Vas deferens
3. Seminal vesicle
4. Ejaculatory duct
5. Caudal most part gives ureteric bud & trigone & back of prostatic urethra above ejaculatory ducts

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8
Q

Describe fate of mesonephric tubules & duct in female

A

T: upper will degenerate, middle form the epoophoron (above ovary), lower will form paroophoron (medial)
D: caudal most part forms ureteric bud & trigone the rest forms Gartner’s duct (lateral to uterus & vagina till hymen)

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9
Q

The third kidney is……appears during……in……..

A

Metanephros
5th week
Lower sacral & lumbar regions

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10
Q

Ureteric bud arises from……, cranial end forms……, the rest elongates forming…….

A

Dirsomedial aspect of mesonephric duct
Primitive renal pelvis
Ureter

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11
Q

Describe the divisions of the reanl pelvis

A
  1. 1st generation cranial & caudal forms major calyces later a middle one develops
  2. 2nd generation enlarges & absorbs the 3rd & 4th generations forming the minor calyces
  3. 5th generation forms ducts of Bellini
  4. 6-12 generation form collecting ducts
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12
Q

Collecting tubules of metanephric ducts become covered by……., one end forms…..& acquires…….while the other end forms……..

A

Metanephric tissue cap
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus of capillaries
Open connection with one of the collecting tubules

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13
Q

Mention the 4 changes that occur to the developing kidney

A
  1. Change in shape: lobulated appearance disappears during infancy
  2. Change in size: initially located in pelvis & ascend due to growth of body caudal to them
  3. Change in blood supply: in pelvis it recieves blood supply from median sacral as it ascends it recives from common iliac then aorta at successively higher levels, the lower vessels degenerate.
  4. Change in direction: hilum initially directed forward then rotates so it’s medial
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14
Q

Describe fate of excreted urine during intrauterine life

A

Metanephros becomes functional during 2nd half of pregnancy urine is mixed with amniotic fluid then swallowed where it enters intestinal tract then it is absorbed into bloodstream & enters the placenta to transfer metabolic wastes to the mother.

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15
Q

Describe cause & presentation of renal agenesis

A

Caused by early degeneration of ureteric bud when the ureteric bud fails to reach metanephric tissue the latter fails to proliferate
If bilateral, there is oligohydraminos, fetus is born alive since kidneys are not necessary before birth but dies within few days
If unilateral, may pass unnoticed till there are problems in the solitary kidney

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16
Q

Describe cause of congenital cystic kidney

A

It is due to failure of union between some collecting & excretory tubules thus the latter esp DCT, become distending with urine forming cysts. May be polycystic kidney or solitary cyst.

17
Q

Describe cause of double kidney

A

Caused by early splitting of the ureteric bud on one side, the metanephric tissue becomes divided into 2 parts forming 2 kidney.

18
Q

Describe cause of pelvic kidney

A

Failure of one kidney to ascend through the arterial fork formed by umbilical arteries

19
Q

Describe cause & presentation of horseshoe kidney

A

Sometimes both kidneys are pushed so close duringvtheir passage in the arterial fork that their lower poles fuse resulting, they are located at lower level since root of inferior mesenteric art prevents its ascent. Ureters emerge from their ventral aspect as they fail to rotate
It is a common condition 1 in 600

20
Q

Describe cause & presentation of aberrant renal artery

A

Caused by persistance of one or more of the transient vessels during shifting of arterial blood supply, can enter kidney through lower pole not hilum
May cause ureteric obstruction

21
Q

Mention the forces controlling filtration & their normal values

A

F favoring filtration: hydrostatic glomerular capillary pressure (60 mmHg), colloid osmotic presssure in Bowman’s capsule (0)
F opposing filtration: colloid oncotic pressure of PP in capillaries (32 mmHg), intracapsular pressure (18 mmHg)

22
Q

Mention equation of GFR

A

GFR=Kf*net filtartion pressure
Kf is glomerular capillary filtration coefficient

23
Q

Mention factors affecting Kf its equation & it normal value

A

Permeability & surafce area of capillary bed
Kf=permeability of membrane*effective surface area
12.5

24
Q

List factor affecting GFR

A
  1. Glomerular capillary pressure
  2. Colloid osmotic pressure of plasma protein (opposing)
  3. Intracapsular hydrostatic pressure (opposing, inc in ureteric obstruction)
  4. Functioning kidney mass
  5. Permeability of membrane (inc by hypoxia, fevers, some renal diseases)
  6. Filtering surface area (dec by contraction of mesangial cells & vice versa)
25
Q

List factors affecting glomerular capillary pressure

A
  1. Renal blood flow
  2. Diameter of afferent arteriole
  3. Diameter of efferent arteriole
  4. ABP
  5. Sympathetic stimulation
26
Q

Detail the effect of diameter of efferent arteriole on GFR & RBF

A

Mild constriction dec RBF & inc GFR due to inc glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Severe constriction dec GFR bec intitial excessive fluid filtration causes inc plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Dilatation facilitated blood escapse & dec GFR but inc RBF

27
Q

Mention subtances which affect mesangial cells

A

Relax: PGE2, dopamine, cAMP, ANP
Contract: ADH, adrenaline, angiotensin, PGF2, sympathetic stimulation

28
Q

Outline how factors affecting GFR could affect FF

A

Afferent dilatation or constriction or sympathetic stimulation, no effect
Efferent constriction: inc & vice versa
Inc serum protein conc (dehydration) or ureteric stone, dec FF (no effect on RPF & dec GFR)

29
Q

The diltations of the ureter are…….

A

Lumbar & pelvic

30
Q

Bifid ureter occurs due to……

A

Complete or partial splitting of the ureteric bud

31
Q

…….divides the cloaca into 2 parts

A

Urorectal septum

32
Q

The primitive urogenital sinus is connected to………

A

Mesonephric ducts
Allantois

33
Q

Mention portions primitive urogenital sinus

A
  1. Vesical portion, cranial largest part
  2. Pelvic portion, middle narrow part mesonephric ducts are attached between 1&2
  3. Phallic portion, closed by urogenital membrane
34
Q

Mention derivatives of vesical portion

A

In males, epithelium of most of UB ex trigone + front of prostatic urethra above ejaculatory ducts
In females, epithelium of most of UB ex trigone + whole urethra

35
Q

Mention emryological sources of UB

A
  1. Endoderm of vesical portion of primitive urogenital sinus (most of bladder ex trigone)
  2. Mesoderm of absorbed lower ends of mesonephric ducts form trigone, however its mesodermal lining is replaced by endoderm spreading from rest of the bladder
    The rest of the bladder wall is formed by surrounding splanchnic mesoderm
36
Q

Describe ectopia vesica

A

The mucosa of posterior bladder wall is exposed to outside due to absenet ant wall & ant abdominal wall, caused by def of mesoderm in front of bladder with subsequent RUPTURE of mucosa of bladder front & its covering endoderm.

37
Q

Describe variations of patent urachus

A
  1. Urachal fistula: allantois fails to constrict thus urine drains from umbilicus in case of normal outflow obstruction
  2. Urachal cyst
  3. Urachal sinus: patent proximal or distal end
38
Q

Recto-vesical fistula is caused by…….

A

Incomplete urorectal septum

39
Q

Describe development of urethra

A

Females, whole urethra develops from vesical portion of primitive urogenital sinus
Males,
1. Prostatic urethra
*above ejaculatory ducts
a. Front develops from vesical portion of primitive urogenital sinus
b. Back develops from absorbed part of mesonephric ducts
*below ejaculary duct pelvic portion of primitive urogenital sinus
2. Membranous urethra:
Pelvic portion of primitive urogenital sinus
3. Penile urethra
*major proximal part phallic portion of primitive urogenital sinus
*part in glans penis: ectodermal ingrowth that is canalized

Urogenital Anatomy (11 decks)

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