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comparative anatomy > Embryology (old) > Flashcards

Embryology (old) Flashcards

1
Q

there are two poles that are in the yolk they are names

A

animal pole ( less yolk) and vegatal pole ( more yolk)

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2
Q

What is a blastomere

A

a single cell following mitotic division

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3
Q

what is a Morula

A

multiple blastomeres are connected in most mammals its typically between 16-32 blastomeres. ( blastocoel has not formed yet)

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4
Q

Blastocyte or Blastula is

A

a morula that has changed to have a blastocoel cavity

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5
Q

What is a Trophoblast

A

A layer of cells surrounding a blastocoel

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6
Q

what is a blastocoel

A

Internal cavity

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7
Q

types of cleavage/ yolk concentrations

A

Holoblastic meroblastic and discoidal

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8
Q

holoblastic celavage completes

A

cell division (regardless of pole)

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9
Q

holoblastic has ______ eggs ( which includes amphioxus and eutherian mammals

A

microlecithal

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10
Q

holoblastic has ______ eggs ( which includes lampreys amphibians and some fish)

A

mesolecithal

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11
Q

meroblastic has

A

macroleathal eggs

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12
Q

Discoidal have extreme

A

meroblastic

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13
Q

Discoidal have _______ eggs which include hagfish, Osteichthyes reptiles birds and monotremes

A

macrolecithal

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14
Q

a group of cells that form germinal layers is called a

A

blastoderm

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15
Q

the three germinal layers are called

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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16
Q

hagfish, chondrichthyes and modern bony fish have a _______ membrane

A

viteline

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17
Q

What is a periblast

A

a layer of cells surrounding yolk

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18
Q

Monotremes have a _________ ________ and a ________

A

Macrolecithal discoidal ; Blastoderm

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19
Q

Marsupials have ___________ and _______

A

no distinct morula stage and protoderm

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20
Q

Eutherian mammals have a ___ ____ ___ and _____-_____

A

Inner cell mass ; Trophoblast-nourishment

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21
Q

in human gastrulation the formation of _____ ______ occur

A

germ layers

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22
Q

in human gastrulation ______ starts first

A

trophoblast cells differentiate into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

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23
Q

in human gastrulation the _______ _____ appears at start

A

primitive streak

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24
Q

human gastrulation
cells from the superficial layer migrate to deep layer ______ deep cells

A

displacing

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25
Q

human gastrulation
superficial cells that migrate become

A

endoderm

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26
Q

human gastrulation
superficial cells that migrate to the middle layer become

A

mesoderm

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27
Q

human gastrulation
superficial cells that remain there become

A

ectoderm

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28
Q

in human gastrulation the coelom forms at the end of

A

neurulation

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29
Q

__________ and __________ can occur simultaneously

A

Grastrulation and neurulation

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30
Q

Gastrulation is the

A

Formation of endodermal tube and Gastrocoel- primitive gut cavity surrounded by endoderm

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31
Q

Neurulation is the

A
  • formation of ectodermal
  • neural tube- primitive central nervous system
  • neurocoel- cavity surrounded by ectoderm
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32
Q

gastrulation is the

A

rearrangement of cells, and formation of germ layers

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33
Q

Neurulation is the formation of the ______ tube

A

neural

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34
Q

Neurulation is the formation of

A

Notochord ( mesoderm) and neural plate (ectoderm)

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35
Q

Primary neurulation is

A

Neural plate folds to form circular neural tube and is in most chordates

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36
Q

Secondary neurulation

A

Neural keel
Cavitation results in neurocoel formation and is in lampreys and modern bony fish

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37
Q

Types of movement in gastrulation

A

Invagination, epiboly, involution, delamination, and ingression

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38
Q

Invagination

A

Wall of cells fold inward

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39
Q

invagination occurs in

A

amphioxus

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40
Q

invagination results in ___ layers of cells

A

2
ectoderm- outer layer
endomesoderm- inner layer

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41
Q

gastrocoel is the

A

early gut cavity

42
Q

Epiboly

A

Cells move across the outer surface as a group

43
Q

Involution

A

Cells move inward and spread over inner surface

44
Q

Delamination

A

Laminate means sheets, so sheets of cells separates into layers that are parallel

45
Q

Ingression

A

Individual cells move inward

46
Q

ingression results in 2 layers of cells

A

ectoderm (outer layer) and endomesoderm (inner layer)

47
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
involution

A

movement of surface cells causes indentation

48
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
dorsal lip

A

becomes edge of blastophore

49
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
epiboly

A

groups of surface cells move to lip

50
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
Endomesoderm

A

formed as surface cells flow internally over dorsal lip

51
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
blastopore

A

external opening of gastrocoel

52
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
enterocoelic coelom

A

formation similar to amphioxus

53
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
schizocoelic coelom

A

formed when mesoderm splits producing the opening

54
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
neural keel

A

solid mass of ectoderm

55
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
dorsal lip

A

becomes edge of blastopore

56
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
Epiboly

A

groups of surface cells move to lip

57
Q

Sharks and bony fish gastrulation
early formation of

A

the yolk sac

58
Q

Gastrulation and neurulation in lampreys
schizocoelic coelom

A

formed when mesoderm splits producing the opening

59
Q

sharks and bony fish gastrulation blastoderm spreads over

A

yolk

60
Q

sharks and bony fish gastrulation
chordomesoderm produces

A

notochord

61
Q

sharks and bony fish gastrulation
embryonic shield

A

thickening of endomesoderm

62
Q

sharks and bony fish gastrulation
periblast

A

layer of cells surrounding yolk

63
Q

sharks and bony fish gastrulation
schizocoely

A

mesoderm splits to form coelom

64
Q

Amphibian gastrulation

A

indentation, epiboly of surface cells, involution

65
Q

Amphibian gastrulation
chordomesoderm

A

from endomesoderm (forms notochord)

66
Q

Amphibian gastrulation
schizocoely

A

coelom formed by splitting of mesoderm

67
Q

Amphibian Neurulation forms the

A

neural plate, groove, tube

68
Q

Reptiles
______ _____ more oval in reptiles

A

Primitive streak

69
Q

Reptiles
migrating cells

A

replace and disperse deeper cells

70
Q

Reptiles
germ layers named following ______ ______

A

migration process

71
Q

reptiles have a

A

blastopore

72
Q

Bird Gastrulation
migrating cells

A

replace and disperse deeper cells

73
Q

Bird Gastrulation
primitive node

A

raised group of cells in primitive streak

74
Q

Bird Gastrulation
epiblast cells migrate through groove to replace

A

hypoblast cells

75
Q

Bird Gastrulation
germ layers named following migration

A

ectoderm- remaining superficial cells
endoderm- replaced deeper layer of cells
mesoderm- in the middle

76
Q

bird neurulation
formation of

A

neurual tube

77
Q

bird neurulation
schizocoelic

A

coelom

78
Q

Mammals
all three form

A

primitive streak

79
Q

Mammals
rolling of neural plate forms

A

neural tube

80
Q

Monotreme mammals
germinal layers form after

A

blastoderm surrounds yolk

81
Q

Monotreme mammals
neural plate

A

thickened ectoderm

82
Q

Monotreme mammals
mesoderm formed as cell flow through

A

primitive streak

83
Q

Marsupial mammals the _______ stage is missing

A

blastula

84
Q

mammals neurulation

A

primitive streak, migrating cells, epiboly, involution, notochord from ectoderm, rotation causes formation of neural tube from neural plate

85
Q

extraembryonic membranes
chorion

A

fuses with other membranes
chorioallantoic- reptiles and birds
chorioamnionic- mammals

86
Q

extraembryonic membranes
amnion

A

mesodermal orgin
diesctly surrounds developing embryo

87
Q

extraembryonic membranes
allantois

A

endodermal origin , develops from hindgut, source of umbilical blood vessels in mammals, precursor to urinary bladder

88
Q

extraembryonic membranes
yolk sac

A

provides nutrition
site for blood cell formation in mammals

89
Q

tissue origins
ectoderm 1

A

epidermis

90
Q

tissue origins
ectoderm 2

A

neural plate

91
Q

tissue origins
ectoderm 3

A

central nervous system

92
Q

tissue origins
ectoderm 4

A

neural crest

93
Q

tissue origins
ectoderm 5

A

peripheral nervous system

94
Q

tissue origins
mesoderm 1

A

Somite (dermatome, myotome, sclerotome)

95
Q

tissue origins
mesoderm 2

A

Nephrotome (kidney, urogenital ducts)

96
Q

tissue origins
mesoderm 3

A

Somatic hypomere ( appendages, peritoneum, gonads)

97
Q

tissue origins
mesoderm 4

A

splanchnic hypomere (heart and blood vessels, mesenteries, extraembryonic membranes)

98
Q

tissue origins
Endoderm 1

A

Foregut (pharynx, esophagus, lung buds)

99
Q

tissue origins
Endoderm 2

A

midgut (stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, intestines)

100
Q

tissue origins
Endoderm 3

A

Hindgut (allantois, bladder, cloaca)

comparative anatomy (17 decks)

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