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AQA A Level PE > Emergence Of Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century > Flashcards

Emergence Of Globalisation Of Sport In The 21st Century Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

What is one of the most popular and well-documented forms of pre-industrial recreation?

A

Mob football

Mob football was a chaotic and community-driven sport played in various forms across England.

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2
Q

Name a form of pre-industrial recreation that involved water.

A

Swimming / bathing in rivers

This activity was common among various classes as a form of leisure and social interaction.

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3
Q

What was an early form of athletics in pre-industrial times?

A

Foot racing / pedestrianism

This involved competitive running and was a precursor to modern athletics.

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4
Q

What type of fighting was common in pre-industrial recreation?

A

Bareknuckle fighting

This brutal sport was not regulated and often resulted in serious injuries.

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5
Q

What recreational activity was associated with the upper classes in pre-industrial times?

A

Real tennis

Real tennis is a racquet sport that originated in the late Middle Ages and was popular among the elite.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of recreation for the working class in pre-industrial times?

A

Characteristics include:
* Occasional - annual events, festivals
* Local - specific to each community
* Rural/Natural - used natural resources available
* Basic rules - locally set and applied
* Aggressive + male dominated - reflecting societal norms
* Wagering/gambling - placed by upper classes
* Functional - linked to work requirements

These characteristics highlight the social and economic contexts of leisure activities for the working class.

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7
Q

What was kicked in mob football?

A

pig’s bladder

The game is known for its use of a pig’s bladder as the ball.

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8
Q

What is the most documented game of mob football?

A

Mob football

Variations of mob football involved kicking a pig’s bladder and sometimes using sticks.

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9
Q

What are some variations of mob football?

A

kicking with sticks / carrying bladder

These variations highlight the different ways the game has been played throughout history.

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10
Q

What is a key characteristic of real tennis?

A

more rules and structure

Real tennis is more organized compared to other forms, making it exclusive to certain social classes.

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11
Q

What social class played real tennis?

A

upper class (UC)

The game was primarily played by the upper class, reflecting their access to leisure and resources.

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12
Q

Why was real tennis considered civilized?

A

included a high moral code

The game emphasized etiquette and decorum, aligning with the values of the upper class.

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13
Q

What contributed to the regular play of real tennis?

A

more free time in upper class

The upper class had more leisure time which allowed them to engage in sports like real tennis.

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14
Q

What was a requirement for playing real tennis?

A

expensive, purpose-built facilities

Access to specialized equipment and venues was necessary for playing real tennis.

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15
Q

How did travel impact the ability to play real tennis?

A

not local, ability to travel

The upper class’s ability to travel allowed them to play real tennis in various locations.

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16
Q

What was a motivation for upper class individuals in athletics?

A

show superiority over lower class

Competing in sports was a way for the upper class to demonstrate their social status.

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17
Q

What was foot racing known as?

A

footmen comparing as messengers

This form of competition involved footmen racing against each other, often for wagers.

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18
Q

What resulted from success in foot racing?

A

increased social status

Winning races could elevate a person’s social standing within their community.

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19
Q

Who acted as patrons for organized athletic events?

A

gentry

The gentry provided financial support and organization for athletic competitions.

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20
Q

What was the role of gentry in athletics?

A

provided patronage and prize money

They sponsored events and offered rewards to successful competitors.

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21
Q

What are the Wenlock Olympian Games?

A

Forerunner to modern Olympic Games

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22
Q

What was the purpose of the Wenlock Olympian Games?

A

Promote moral, physical, and intellectual improvements for the area

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23
Q

Who founded the Wenlock Olympian Games?

A

Dr William Penny Brookes

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24
Q

In what year were the Wenlock Olympian Games first held?

A

1850

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25
What types of events were included in the Wenlock Olympian Games?
Athletics, quoits, football, cricket, running, hurdles, cycling
26
Who visited the Wenlock Olympian Games in 1890?
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
27
What was the significance of Baron Pierre de Coubertin's visit in 1890?
He established the modern Olympic Games
28
What was the purpose of rational recreation in the nineteenth century?
To provide sports pastimes for the lower classes designed by the middle classes to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
29
List the characteristics of rational recreation.
* Played regionally, nationally, and internationally * Respectable * Regular * Rule-based * Gambling controlled * Impact of religion * Impact of revolutions * Purpose-built facilities * Amateurism and professionalism
30
True or False: Rational recreation was only played at a local level.
False
31
Fill in the blank: Rational recreation was designed to be _______.
[well ordered, organised and controlled]
32
What types of impacts influenced rational recreation?
* Impact of religion * Impact of revolutions
33
What does rational recreation emphasize in terms of gambling?
Gambling controlled
34
What are two forms of participation in rational recreation?
* Amateurism * Professionalism
35
What type of facilities were associated with rational recreation?
Purpose-built facilities
36
What societal change led to the emergence of the middle class?
Urbanisation and industrialisation. ## Footnote The middle class emerged as a significant social group due to the shifts in urban living and industrial growth.
37
What is codification in the context of the middle class?
Development of strict rules in sports. ## Footnote Public school and university old boys played a key role in forming many national governing bodies of sport.
38
How did the middle class contribute to the development of competitions?
Through involvement in public schools and universities. ## Footnote This involvement led to the establishment of leagues and competitions.
39
What role did middle-class philanthropists play in society?
Development of public facilities. ## Footnote Philanthropists, factory owners, and the church contributed to creating public amenities.
40
How did factory owners impact workers' leisure time?
By gradually giving them more leisure time. ## Footnote This increase allowed workers more opportunities to watch or participate in sports.
41
What was a significant change in sports due to the middle class?
Movement to professionalism. ## Footnote The development of early commercial professional sport was influenced by the middle class.
42
Who spread the sporting ethic across the British Empire?
Public schoolboys. ## Footnote This group included teachers, industrialists, factory owners, clergy, and officers in the British Army or diplomats.
43
Fill in the blank: The middle class supported the development of the working classes through _______.
codification, competitions, public provision, increased leisure time, and move to professionalism.
44
What were the negative effects of urbanisation in the first half of the 19th century?
Negative effects included: * Migration of lower classes into urban areas * Lack of leisure time * Lack of income * Poor health * Loss of rights * Lack of public provision ## Footnote These factors contributed to a decline in traditional mob games and leisure activities.
45
What was a significant change in working hours during the first half of the 19th century?
The shift to long 12-hour working days, 6 days a week.
46
What contributed to poor health during the first half of the 19th century?
Poor living conditions, pollution, lack of hygiene, and little energy.
47
What restrictions were placed on mob games in the first half of the 19th century?
Changes in criminal laws led to loss of rights and restrictions on mob games.
48
What were the positive effects of urbanisation in the second half of the 19th century?
Positive effects included: * Improved health and hygiene * Gradual increase in wages * More time for sport * Development of a new middle class * Influence of ex-public schoolboys * Spread of values of muscularity to lower classes * Industrial patronage for recreation/sport * Improvements in transport and communications ## Footnote These developments facilitated increased participation in sports.
49
What was a key development in the late 19th century related to sports?
The establishment of National Governing Bodies (NGBs), such as the Football Association.
50
Fill in the blank: The shift from seasonal activities to machine time resulted in a lack of _______.
leisure time.
51
True or False: The lack of spare income in the first half of the 19th century allowed for increased leisure pursuits.
False.
52
What was the impact of the development of NGBs in the mid-to-late 19th century?
It marked a defining stage in the development of sport as we know it today.
53
What was the impact of improved transport in the second half of the 19th century?
It became cheaper to travel.
54
What were some reasons for the decline in mob games?
* Banned by authorities due to unpopularity with middle class * Damage to land and properties * Lack of space in urban areas * Need for disciplined workforce * Middle class encouraged rational forms of recreation
55
What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on recreation?
* Overall less time for recreation due to work * Better recreational facilities due to health benefits * Allowed to play as a form of social control
56
How did transport influence the development of sports?
Enabled away fixtures and competitions between other villages, towns, factories, or churches
57
What role did public schools and universities play in sports?
* Wrote down the rules * Rationalised the sport * Codification led to the creation of National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
58
What was the purpose of National Governing Bodies (NGBs)?
* Maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle classes * More leagues required * More fixtures required * More clubs forming * Maintain amateur ideal * Address threats of professionalism and commercialism
59
True or False: Different public schools played the same versions of sports.
False
60
Fill in the blank: The process of creating standardized rules in sports is known as _______.
[codification]
61
What is an amateur in sports?
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain ## Footnote Amateurs engage in sports primarily for enjoyment and personal fulfillment.
62
What defines a professional in sports?
A person who plays sport for financial gain ## Footnote Professionals are typically compensated for their athletic performance.
63
List three values of amateurism.
* Manness * Appreciating the value of nealin and fines * Appreciating the value of rule-regulated allivity ## Footnote These values reflect the principles and ethics upheld by amateurs.
64
What are characteristics of a gentleman amateur?
* Respected member of society with a public school background * Belonged to the social elite * Participated in sport as a character-building exercise * Played a range of sports using their natural talents * Participated in sport as a recreation * Played sport to a high moral code ## Footnote Gentleman amateurs are often seen as role models in sportsmanship.
65
True or False: Amateurs held a lower status than professionals.
False ## Footnote Amateurs were often regarded with higher status due to their adherence to ethical standards.
66
What was the code of amateurism based on?
Playing to a clear set of rules and adhering to a code of ethics ## Footnote This code emphasizes integrity and sportsmanship.
67
Fill in the blank: Participation is more important than _______ in amateurism.
winning ## Footnote This principle highlights the spirit of competition over the outcome.
68
Who admired the cultural values associated with amateurism?
The new middle classes ## Footnote The cultural values promoted by amateurism resonated with emerging societal groups.
69
What were the key features of early 21st century amateurs?
* High status * Controllers of sport * Top performers * Highly moral ## Footnote These features contributed to their prominence in sports.
70
How do modern-day amateurs differ from early 21st century amateurs?
* Tend to be of lower status than professionals * Some high-level performers are still not professional * Blurring of amateur and professional distinctions * Performance at the top level is now open to all * Some receive finance for training expenses ## Footnote This reflects changes in societal values and structures.
71
What is a positive aspect of modern-day amateurism?
* Codes of amateurism are still evident in British sport * Fair play * Sportsmanship * Viewed positively and promoted in various ways ## Footnote These codes contribute to the integrity of sports.
72
True or False: Modern-day amateurs are generally of higher status than professionals.
False ## Footnote Modern-day amateurs tend to have lower status compared to professionals.
73
Fill in the blank: The blurring of amateur and professional distinctions is less likely due to _______.
[society becoming more equal] ## Footnote This suggests a shift in societal norms and values.
74
What is one way modern-day amateurs receive support?
Finance for training expenses ## Footnote This financial support helps them compete at higher levels.
75
What was a key financial factor that allowed working classes to engage more in sports?
Working classes had more money from their jobs ## Footnote This increase in financial resources enabled greater participation in sports.
76
How did training in sports evolve with the rise of professionalism?
Training became specialised ## Footnote This specialization aimed to improve performance and outcomes.
77
What became more important in sports as professionalism rose?
Results and winning ## Footnote The focus shifted towards achieving victories and measurable outcomes.
78
What unethical practices were common in professional sports?
Foul play and gamesmanship ## Footnote These tactics were often employed to gain a competitive advantage.
79
What challenge became increasingly common regarding refereeing in professional sports?
Challenges to refereeing decisions ## Footnote This reflects a growing scrutiny of officiating in sports.
80
What positive impact of professionalism provided working classes with financial opportunities?
Presented working classes with the chance to earn money whilst not at work ## Footnote This allowed athletes to supplement their income through sports.
81
What are broken time payments?
Extra money given to make up for missed work money ## Footnote This was a financial support mechanism for professional athletes.
82
What was a result of dedicated training in professional sports?
Standards of performance increased ## Footnote Higher standards emerged as athletes trained more rigorously.
83
How did professionalism affect the commercialisation of sports in the late 20th century?
Led to increased commercialisation and media coverage ## Footnote This transformation helped elevate sports' visibility and financial viability.
84
What avenue did professionalism create for athletes?
An avenue of social mobility ## Footnote Sports became a means for individuals to improve their social standing.
85
What is a characteristic of modern-day professionalism in sports?
All classes can compete ## Footnote This inclusivity allows diverse participation across socio-economic backgrounds.
86
How are individuals recognized in modern sports?
People are respected for their talents and efforts ## Footnote Recognition is based on skill and achievement rather than background.
87
What rewards can professional athletes receive through media and sponsorship?
High rewards for professionalism ## Footnote This financial support can significantly enhance an athlete's earnings.
88
What advantage do professional athletes have regarding training?
More time to train ## Footnote This allows athletes to hone their skills and improve performance.
89
What social status can athletes achieve in modern professionalism?
Celebrity status ## Footnote Successful athletes often become public figures with significant influence.
90
How do positive role models in sports impact others?
Act as motivators for others ## Footnote They inspire future generations to pursue athletic excellence.
91
What financial trend has emerged in professional sports?
Lots of money invested ## Footnote This investment contributes to the growth and commercialization of sports.
92
What is a consequence of increased professionalism in sports regarding spectators?
More spectators attend matches ## Footnote The excitement and quality of professional sports attract larger audiences.
93
Give 3 reasons for less women competing in sports still
- stereotyping - less female role models - lack of media coverage
94
What are the 6 socio-cultural factors that have led to the emergence of elite female sports performers?
- equal opportunities - increased media coverage - more female role models - more provision via school PE programmes - more chance to participate - more free time
95
How are equal opportunities for women evident and why has this changed?
Many schools now run both boys and girls teams/there is a WSL to match the EPL Society in general has become more equal and liberal
96
How is increased media coverage of women’s sports evident and why has this changed?
Women’s World Cup is broadcast on terrestrial TV Media and social media promoted women’s football and people want to see it on TV
97
How is more female role models evident and why has this changed?
Jill Scott/Mary Earps become role models for younger generations playing football Media corporations such as BBC promoted women’s football and thus created role models
98
How is more provision via school PE programmes evident and why has this changed?
Girls football is now part of PE in many schools Society requested equal opportunities for girls in school

AQA A Level PE (9 decks)

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