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AQA A Level PE > Information Processing > Flashcards

Information Processing Flashcards

1
Q

What is information processing?

A

The methods by which data from the environment are collected and utilised

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2
Q

What is the display?

A

The sporting environment

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3
Q

What are the 2 external senses?

A

Sight and hearing

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4
Q

What are the 3 internal senses?

A

Touch, balance and kinesthesis

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5
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

Selective attention is crucial in decision-making processes.

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6
Q

List some methods to improve selective attention.

A
  • Training with distractions
  • Focusing
  • Motivation
  • Making stimulus intense
  • Training to the stimulus
  • Mental practice

These methods enhance the ability to concentrate on relevant information.

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7
Q

What is the importance of selective attention to a performer?

A
  • Filters relevant information from irrelevant
  • Highlights a weakness or coaching point
  • Improves reaction time
  • Speeds up decision-making
  • Prevents memory overload

These benefits contribute to overall performance enhancement.

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8
Q

What are the steps in information processing models?

A
  • Display: In sporting environment
  • Senses: Sight, hearing, touch, balance, kinesthesis
  • Selective attention: Filtering relevant info
  • Perception mechanism: Interpreting sensory info
  • DCR: Detection, comparison, recognition
  • Translatory mechanism: Into adapted + compared to memory
  • Effector mechanism: Nerves carry impulse from brain to muscles
  • Muscular contractions: Muscles contract on stimulation
  • Response: The action
  • Feedback: Info to help correct actions

These steps outline how information is processed in sports contexts.

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9
Q

What does DCR stand for in information processing?

A

Detection, Comparison, Recognition

DCR is a critical part of the information processing model.

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10
Q

True or False: Feedback is used to help correct actions.

A

True

Feedback is essential for improving performance.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ mechanism interprets sensory information.

A

[perception]

The perception mechanism plays a key role in understanding the environment.

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12
Q

What is the role of the effector mechanism?

A

Nerves carry impulse from brain to muscles

This mechanism is responsible for executing physical responses.

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13
Q

What are the two types of memory discussed in relation to performance?

A

Working memory and long-term memory

These two types of memory interact during performance tasks.

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14
Q

Who proposed the working memory model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch

This model outlines how working memory functions.

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15
Q

What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

A

Controls incoming information from senses and directs it to three subsystems

The central executive acts as a manager for cognitive processes.

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16
Q

Name the three subsystems (slaves) of the working memory model.

A
  • Phonological loop
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • Episodic buffer

Each subsystem specializes in processing different types of information.

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17
Q

What does the phonological loop deal with?

A

Auditory information

It forms memory traces based on sounds.

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18
Q

What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Processes visual information, movement, and kinaesthesis

It helps in visualizing and manipulating images.

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19
Q

What does the episodic buffer do?

A

Coordinates information into sequences and links to long-term memory

It integrates information from different sources.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for managing the flow of information in working memory.

A

central executive

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21
Q

True or False: The central executive has no control over the subsystems in the working memory model.

A

False

The central executive actively manages and directs the subsystems.

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22
Q

What is a characteristic of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

A

Holds unlimited information

LTM can store vast amounts of information over long periods.

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23
Q

How is information stored in Long-Term Memory (LTM)?

A

Stored as motor programmes

Motor programmes refer to sequences of movements that are learned and stored.

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24
Q

How long does Long-Term Memory (LTM) last?

A

Lasts a lifetime

LTM is capable of retaining information for many years, sometimes indefinitely.

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25
What does Long-Term Memory (LTM) do with information?
Receives and returns information to working memory ## Footnote LTM interacts with working memory to process and utilize stored information.
26
What is a characteristic of Short-Term Memory (STM)?
7±2 items ## Footnote This is known as Miller's Law, indicating the typical capacity of STM.
27
How long does Short-Term Memory (STM) last?
Lasts 30 seconds ## Footnote STM has a limited duration unless the information is actively rehearsed.
28
What does Short-Term Memory (STM) do with information?
Receives and sends information to Long-Term Memory (LTM) ## Footnote STM acts as a temporary storage for information before it may be encoded into LTM.
29
What is mental practice?
Parts or sub-routines of a skill are imagined over and over again in the mind without physical movement ## Footnote Mental practice helps in reinforcing the neural pathways associated with a skill.
30
What is association in the context of storing information?
Associating actions you wish to learn with appropriate actions or emotions already stored in memory ## Footnote This technique helps in linking new information to existing knowledge for better retention.
31
What role does focus play in storing information?
Concentrating on the task at hand allows information to be stored in Long-Term Memory (LTM) ## Footnote Attention is crucial for effective encoding of information into memory.
32
What is chunking?
Breaking information down into parts, especially when the skill is complicated ## Footnote Chunking helps to manage the cognitive load and makes it easier to remember complex information.
33
What are rewards in the context of memory retention?
Extrinsic and intrinsic rewards that motivate the performer to want to remember ## Footnote Rewards can enhance motivation and reinforce learning, making it more likely to remember information.
34
What is chaining?
Items of information are recalled as a sequence so one movement leads to the next ## Footnote Chaining helps in linking actions together in a coherent manner for skill execution.
35
What is the significance of repetition in memory?
Repeated practice of the stimulus ensures skills are coded and stored as motor programmes ## Footnote Repetition strengthens memory traces and facilitates long-term retention of skills.
36
How can you remember the ways of storing information?
Males And Females Can Run Charity Races
37
What is Perception?
The process of coding and interpreting sensory information. ## Footnote Perception involves understanding and making sense of the sensory data received from the environment.
38
What are the three aspects of activity involved in perception?
* Detection * Comparison * Recognition ## Footnote These aspects work together to process and interpret sensory information effectively.
39
Define Detection in the context of perception.
The process where the performer picks up relevant information and identifies it as important. ## Footnote Detection is the first step in the perceptual process.
40
What occurs during the Comparison phase of perception?
The performer tries to relate the identified important information to information already in memory. ## Footnote This phase is crucial for making sense of new information in relation to past experiences.
41
Explain Recognition in perception.
The performer uses information from memory to identify an appropriate response. ## Footnote Recognition allows for quick and effective decision-making based on past experiences.
42
What are Translatory mechanisms?
Mechanisms that help convert information so that decisions can be made. ## Footnote These mechanisms are essential for processing sensory information into actionable insights.
43
How does information from senses get processed in translatory mechanisms?
Information, once filtered, is adapted into an image that can be sent to memory for comparison. ## Footnote This transformation is necessary for effective memory utilization.
44
What role does coded information play in translatory mechanisms?
It is used to pick out the appropriate motor programme. ## Footnote Coded information is essential for the brain to determine the correct physical response.
45
What is the output mechanism in perception?
The effector mechanism, which is the network of nerves responsible for delivering decisions to the muscles. ## Footnote This mechanism ensures that the decisions made during perception are executed physically.
46
How do muscles receive information during the output phase?
In the form of coded impulses. ## Footnote These impulses trigger muscle contractions, leading to a physical response.
47
Fill in the blank: The process of coding and interpreting sensory information is called _______.
[Perception]
48
Define reaction time
Onset of stimulus to onset of movement ## Footnote Reaction time measures how quickly a person can respond to a stimulus.
49
Define movement time
Start to completion of task ## Footnote Movement time refers to the duration taken to complete a physical task after the initiation of movement.
50
Define response time
Onset of stimulus to completion of task ## Footnote Response time encompasses both reaction time and movement time.
51
What is the formula for response time?
Response time = reaction time + movement time ## Footnote This formula highlights the two components that contribute to the total response time.
52
What is simple reaction time?
Responding to a single stimulus ## Footnote An example is the start of a 100m race where the runner reacts to the starting gun.
53
What is choice reaction time?
Responding to a choice of stimuli ## Footnote An example is waiting to receive a tennis serve, where the player must choose how to respond.
54
List factors affecting reaction time
* Age * Fitness * Gender * Drugs/alcohol * Psychological refractory period (PRP) * Experience * Number of choices * Stimulus intensity ## Footnote These factors can either speed up or slow down an individual's reaction time.
55
What is anticipation in the context of stimuli?
Pre-judging a stimulus ## Footnote Anticipation involves spatial (where?) and temporal (when?) judgments.
56
What are the two types of judgments involved in anticipation?
Spatial and temporal judgments ## Footnote Example: Judging where a ball is going to land and when it will get there during the execution of a catch.
57
What does Hick's Law state about reaction time and choices?
The more choices, the slower the reaction time, but the rate of increase in reaction time decreases with increasing choice ## Footnote Hick's Law describes the relationship between the number of stimuli and reaction time.
58
What does Hick's Law suggest about reaction time as choices increase?
Reaction time increases, but at a decreasing rate ## Footnote This suggests that while more choices lead to slower responses, the incremental delay diminishes.
59
What is the single channel hypothesis?
Only one stimulus can be processed at once ## Footnote A second stimulus must wait for the first one to be processed.
60
According to the single channel hypothesis, what happens to a second stimulus?
It has to wait for the first stimulus to be processed ## Footnote This implies a limitation in processing capacity.
61
What is the psychological refractory period?
The delay that occurs as we can only process one stimulus at a time
62
Give 3 ways to improve reaction time
- make stimulus intense - train with distractions - practice to the stimulus and mental practice
63
What are the limitations of motor programmes in scheme theory?
• Storage: assumes there is a separate programme for each movement pattern • Novelty: questions how new movements are produced • Accurate practice: suggests poor performance will hinder learning ## Footnote Limitations highlight challenges in understanding how motor skills are learned and adapted.
64
What is a schema in the context of motor learning?
• Generalised motor programme, e.g., kicking a football • A rule or concept • An adapted motor programme that can be used in different conditions ## Footnote Schema theory, proposed by Schmidt, emphasizes the flexibility of motor skills.
65
What are the two types of schema in the schema theory?
• Recall: before the action • Recognition: during and after the action ## Footnote These processes help in understanding how performers retrieve and utilize motor programmes.
66
What does 'initial conditions' refer to in schema theory?
The environment and limb position before the action ## Footnote Initial conditions set the context for how a motor programme is executed.
67
What are 'response specifications' in schema theory?
Options available, speed, force, etc. ## Footnote Response specifications influence the execution of a motor action based on situational demands.
68
What are 'sensory consequences' in the context of motor learning?
The feel of the movement and other sensory information ## Footnote Sensory consequences provide feedback that is crucial for refining motor skills.
69
What does 'response outcome' signify in schema theory?
The result of the action, success or failure, which updates memory ## Footnote The response outcome is essential for learning and adjusting future performances.
70
Give 3 ways to promote schema
- vary practice - give plenty of info - give frequent feedback

AQA A Level PE (8 decks)

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