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AQA A Level PE > Principles And Theories Of Learning > Flashcards

Principles And Theories Of Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first stage of motor skill learning?

A

Beginners lack coordination and motor programmes are not developed

Examples include: passing in hockey, topspin tennis serve, penalty kick in rugby, backward roll in gymnastics.

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2
Q

What characterizes the associative stage of motor skill learning?

A

Practice, error detection and correction, and inconsistent performance

Consistency improves rapidly, detailed feedback is utilized, and motor programmes start to form. Examples include: somersault in trampolining, butterfly swimming stroke.

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3
Q

What is the focus of the autonomous stage of motor skill learning?

A

Automatic action with a focus on tactics and strategy

Errors are detected and corrected without help, improvement continues at a less rapid rate, and motor programmes are well formed.

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4
Q

What happens to improvement rates as one progresses through the stages of motor skill learning?

A

Improvement is rapid in the beginner stage, then becomes inconsistent in the associative stage, and continues at a less rapid rate in the autonomous stage.

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5
Q

Fill in the blank: In the associative stage, detailed feedback is _______.

A

utilized

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6
Q

True or False: In the autonomous stage, the athlete no longer needs to focus on the skills themselves.

A

True

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7
Q

What type of learning methods are used in the beginner stage?

A

Trial and error methods

Movements may be slow and inconsistent.

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8
Q

What is the role of practice in the associative stage?

A

To improve consistency and form motor programmes

Practice involves error detection and correction.

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: In the autonomous stage, practice must continue to _______.

A

stay sharp

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10
Q

What is a common example of a skill learned in the autonomous stage?

A

Throwing a rounders bat

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11
Q

What is the solution for fatigue?

A

Rest

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12
Q

What is the solution for a lack of motivation?

A

Rewards

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13
Q

Give 6 causes of the plateau

A
  • lack of motivation
  • fatigue
  • poor coaching
  • boredom
  • targets too low
  • limit of ability
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14
Q

What is the solution for poor coaching?

A

Change coach

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15
Q

What is the solution for boredom?

A

Different practices

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16
Q

What is the solution for targets too low?

A

Set new goals

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17
Q

What is the solution for limit of ability?

A

Explain plateau and use whole-part-whole method

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18
Q

What is a satisfier?

A

An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated.

Satisfiers are essential for encouraging desired behaviors through positive experiences.

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19
Q

What is an annoyer?

A

An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses.

Annoyers help in discouraging undesired behaviors by introducing discomfort.

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20
Q

Give an example of modifying the environment in sports.

A

A tennis coach feeds balls to a player in a consistent manner.

This method helps players practice their shots under controlled conditions.

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21
Q

What does shaping behavior involve?

A

The player stands in a certain position and attempts to play the same shot repeatedly.

Shaping behavior is a technique used to reinforce specific actions through repetition.

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22
Q

What is trial and error in the context of sports?

A

A player modifies their action until the correct response is achieved.

This method allows players to learn through practice and adjustment.

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23
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

Strengthens the S-R bond and increases the likelihood of the response/behavior occurring again.

Reinforcement is a key concept in behaviorism that encourages repeated actions.

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24
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

The use of a reward/praise to increase the likelihood of a response being repeated.

An example might be saying ‘well done, that was great’ to encourage good performance.

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25
What is negative reinforcement?
Weakens the link between stimulus and incorrect responses by taking away criticism. ## Footnote This method helps in reducing fear of failure and encourages risk-taking in learning.
26
What is punishment in behavior modification?
Giving an unpleasant stimulus to stop incorrect actions. ## Footnote An example is giving a player a yellow card in football to discourage foul play.
27
What is observational learning?
Learning that occurs by watching and copying others ## Footnote Researched by Bandura in 1977
28
What are the factors to consider in Bandura's observational learning?
* Attention * Retention * Motor production/reproduction * Motivation
29
What is the first factor in Bandura's observational learning?
Attention ## Footnote The learner must focus on the model to learn effectively.
30
What does retention mean in the context of observational learning?
The ability to retain the skill in memory and recall it when needed.
31
What is motor production/reproduction in Bandura's model?
Having the mental and physical ability to perform the task.
32
What is the final factor in Bandura's observational learning?
Motivation ## Footnote It refers to the drive needed for the task, which can be enhanced by rewards and positive feedback.
33
List the key strategies to ensure effective demonstrations.
* Show from all angles * Use mental practice * Highlight cues * Use rewards * Allow time to practice
34
What aspects should be considered to make learning interesting?
* Repeat it * Make it meaningful * Use role models * Use mental practice
35
Fill in the blank: The learner must give _______ to the model.
[specific focus]
36
What should be done to ensure the demonstration is accurate?
Make sure the demonstration is clear and specific.
37
True or False: Motivation is not important in observational learning.
False
38
What type of feedback can enhance motivation in observational learning?
* Rewards * Praise * Encouragement * Positive feedback
39
What should tasks be set according to in observational learning?
Ability level of the learner.
40
Why is it important to allow success in observational learning?
It builds confidence and reinforces learning.
41
Who developed the concept of social development in 1978?
Lev Vygotsky ## Footnote Vygotsky focused on the development of young children.
42
What plays a vital role in learning according to Vygotsky's theory?
Interaction with others
43
In Vygotsky's theory, who are considered as influential people in learning?
More knowledgeable others
44
What is an example of learning a skill from a more knowledgeable other?
A beginner in badminton learning to serve by watching their coach serve
45
What types of influence do more knowledgeable others provide?
* Direct examples and advice * Demonstration of values and actions * Influence on effort and lifestyle * Clear communication
46
Fill in the blank: The concept introduced by Vygotsky emphasizes that skills can be learned from _______.
[others such as coaches and teachers]
47
What is inter-psychological learning?
The learner uses the MKo to get advice, feedback, and tactical knowledge. ## Footnote MKo refers to the More Knowledgeable Other, a key concept in social learning theories.
48
What is intra-psychological learning?
Learning can take place within the learner who will use cognitive aspects of skill acquisition to internally analyze, think about, and construct actions based on what they have learned externally. ## Footnote This highlights the importance of internal cognitive processes in learning.
49
Define constructivism in learning.
Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance. ## Footnote Constructivism emphasizes the role of learners actively constructing their understanding.
50
How does working with others contribute to skill development?
It helps to develop skills since you can learn from the actions of those who are more experienced and add their actions to ones you already know.
51
What is the zone of proximal development?
The next stage of learning based on the performer's needs, expectations, and current level of performance.
52
What does cognitive theory focus on?
Understanding and insight ## Footnote Cognitive theory emphasizes the mental processes involved in learning and problem-solving.
53
What did the work of Gestaltists demonstrate regarding problem perception?
The importance of perceiving a problem in its entirety ## Footnote Gestaltists highlighted that understanding the whole picture is crucial for effective problem-solving.
54
What must a learner understand to effectively use a skill?
When, where, and why to use a skill ## Footnote This understanding is essential for applying knowledge in practical situations.
55
What is required for a learner to draw on during the learning process?
Previous experiences and knowledge ## Footnote Utilizing past experiences helps in adapting to new learning situations.
56
What must learners recognize to enhance their skills?
Important cues ## Footnote Recognizing cues is critical for effective learning and skill application.
57
How should a tennis serve be practiced according to cognitive theory?
As a whole, not broken down into parts ## Footnote Practicing skills in their entirety helps in grasping the overall concept.
58
Fill in the blank: Tell me and I forget, show me and I remember, _______.
involve me and I understand ## Footnote This phrase emphasizes the importance of active participation in learning.
59
What are the key components of cognitive theory?
* Involves thinking and understanding * Problem solving * Use past experiences to adapt to current situations * Seeing skill as a whole ## Footnote These components highlight the multifaceted approach to learning.
60
What is a positive aspect of cognitive theory in learning?
Gives motivation from self-satisfaction ## Footnote Self-satisfaction plays a crucial role in learner engagement and motivation.
61
What does cognitive theory provide for the player?
A role for the player ## Footnote This involvement enhances the learning experience and fosters personal growth.
62
What is a negative aspect of cognitive theory for novices?
May not have enough experience to generate their own solutions ## Footnote Novices may struggle due to a lack of prior knowledge and experience in problem-solving.
63
What is another potential issue for novices learning through cognitive theory?
Might learn the wrong skill ## Footnote Incorrect learning can occur if novices do not have the right guidance or experience.

AQA A Level PE (8 decks)

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