Skill And Practice/Guidance Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 7 characteristics of skill?
A
Aesthetically pleasing
Consistent
Efficient
Fluent
Accurate
Controlled
Economical
2
Q
How do you remember the characteristics of skill?
A
ACE FACE
3
Q
What is the definition of skill?
A
The learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both
4
Q
What are the 6 continuums of skill classification?
A
Open - closed
Gross - fine
Self paced - externally paced
Discrete - serial - continuous
High organisation - low organisation
Simple - complex
5
Q
What are open skills?
A
- affected by the environment
- predominately perceptual
6
Q
What are closed skills?
A
- not affected by the environment
- predominately habitual
7
Q
Give an example of an open skill
A
Pass in football
8
Q
Give an example of a closed skill
A
Tennis serve
9
Q
What is a gross skill?
A
- major body movements involving large muscle groups
- associated with strength, power and endurance
10
Q
What is a fine skill?
A
- intricate, fine movements using small muscle groups
- associated with accuracy and precision
11
Q
Give an example of a gross skill
A
Rugby tackle
12
Q
Give an example of a fine skill
A
Putting
13
Q
What is a self-paced skill?
A
Performer has control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
14
Q
What is an externally paced skill?
A
Performer has control over the rate at which the skill is carried out
15
Q
Give an example of a self-paced skill
A
Penalty shot in football
16
Q
Give an example of an externally paced skill
A
Goalkeeping
17
Q
What is a discrete skill?
A
- clear beginning/end
- can be repeated but performer starts again
18
Q
What is a serial skill?
A
- several discrete skills put together to make a sequence
- the order of elements are important
19
Q
What is a continuous skill?
A
- no obvious beginning/end
- the end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
20
Q
Give an example of a discrete skill
A
Tennis serve
21
Q
Give an example of a serial skill
A
Dance routine
22
Q
Give an example of a continuous skill
A
Cycling
23
Q
What is a high organisation skill?
A
- not easily broken down into parts
- action is very quick and sub-routines merge quickly as performed
- best practiced as a whole
24
Q
What is a low organisation skill?
A
- easily broken down into parts
- can be practiced using part method
25
Give an example of a high organisation skill
Cycling
26
Give an example of a low organisation skill
Dance routine
27
What is a simple skill?
- small amounts of info to be processed
- few decisions to be made
28
What is a complex skill?
- large amounts of info to be processed
- number of decisions to be made quickly
29
Give an example of a simple skill
Sprinting
30
Give an example of a complex skill
31
What is transfer of learning?
Influence of one skill on the performance of another
## Footnote
Transfer of learning refers to how skills learned in one context can affect performance in another context.
32
What is positive transfer?
Occurs when learning in one task is enhanced by learning in another
## Footnote
Example: Learning a golf stroke may be enhanced by being a good hockey player.
33
What is zero transfer?
No transfer may occur even between skills that appear to be similar
## Footnote
Example: Learning squash may have zero transfer from weight training.
34
What is negative transfer?
Occurs when the learning of a new skill is interfered with by the knowledge of a similar activity
## Footnote
Example: The flexible use of the wrist in badminton interferes with the firm wrist needed in tennis.
35
What is bilateral transfer?
Transfer of skill from one side to another (lateralization)
## Footnote
Example: A footballer who can kick the ball with their non-preferred foot.
36
What are the factors to consider when organizing a training session?
The factors include:
* nature/type of skill
* complexity
* performer ability
* gender
* motivation
* age
* environment
* time constraints
* size of facility
* danger
* venue suitability
* fitness
## Footnote
These factors help tailor the training session to meet the needs of the participants.
37
What is meant by 'presentation of practice'?
The ways in which a skill can be taught to maximize performance
## Footnote
Effective presentation methods can enhance learning outcomes.
38
What factors affect the choice of teaching method?
Factors include:
* type of skills to be taught
* complexity of the skill
* environment
* ability level of the performer
* motivational level
## Footnote
Choosing the right method is crucial for effective learning.
39
What are the methods of practice presentation?
The methods include:
* whole
* part
* whole-part-whole
* progressive part
## Footnote
Each method serves different learning styles and skill types.
40
Fill in the blank: The _______ of practice refers to the various ways in which a skill can be taught.
[presentation of practice]
41
True or False: The complexity of the skill is not a consideration when organizing a training session.
False
## Footnote
Complexity is a critical factor in determining how to structure practice.
42
What does the term 'progressive part' refer to in practice presentation?
A method where the skill is broken down into parts and each part is practiced progressively
## Footnote
This method allows performers to build their skills step by step.
43
What are the 3 methods of presenting practice?
- whole
- progressive part
- whole-part-whole
44
What is whole practice?
Task can be practised in its entirety with sub-routines in tact
45
What are the ideal conditions for whole practice?
- fast/ballistic
- closed
- discrete
- simple
- highly organised
46
Give an example of a skill you would use whole practice for
Kick in football
47
Give 2 advantages of whole practice
- fluency - feel of the skill
- builds an image of the skill
48
Give 2 disadvantages of whole practice
- beyond capabilities or performer
- not for beginners as too much info
49
What is progressive part practice?
When each part of the skill is added gradually
50
What are the ideal conditions for progressive part practice?
- serial
- complex
- low organisation
- dangerous
51
Give an example of a skill you would use progressive part practice for
Triple jump
52
Give 2 advantages of progressive part practice
- builds confidence
- focus on weakness
53
Give 2 disadvantages of progressive part practice
- time consuming
- lack of fluency
54
What is whole-part-whole practice?
Practice the skill in its entirety then isolate a part or weakness to work on
55
What are the ideal conditions for whole-part-whole practice?
- fast
- discrete
- low organisation
56
Give an example of a skill you would use whole-part-whole practice for
Swimming stroke
57
Give 2 advantages of whole-part-whole practice
- overall feel developed initially
- success is continuous by developing the weaker sub-routines
58
Give 2 disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice
- transfer from part to whole skill may be difficult
- some skills difficult to break down as overall timing may be affected
59
What are practice conditions?
Different ways of setting up training sessions to achieve optimum performance.
## Footnote
Factors to consider include ability of performer, danger, type of skill, fitness level, and time constraint.
60
What is massed practice?
Training sessions with no rest intervals.
## Footnote
It increases fitness, is good for habitual responses, but has drawbacks like no time for feedback, risk of fatigue, and being too demanding.
61
List the advantages of massed practice.
* Increases fitness
* Good for habitual responses
* Efficient
62
List the disadvantages of massed practice.
* No time for feedback
* Leads to fatigue
* Too demanding
63
What is distributed practice?
Training sessions which include intervals for rest.
## Footnote
It is beneficial for beginners and most skill learning, allowing time to recover physically and mentally.
64
List the advantages of distributed practice.
* Good for beginners
* Good for most skill learning
* Gives time to recover physically and mentally
* Good for potentially dangerous situations
65
What is a disadvantage of distributed practice?
Time consuming.
## Footnote
It may also lead to negative transfer.
66
True or False: Massed practice is more efficient than distributed practice.
True
67
Fill in the blank: Massed practice is good for _______ responses.
[habitual]
68
What type of practice is recommended for beginners?
Distributed practice.
## Footnote
This approach allows for rest and recovery, making it suitable for those new to a skill.
69
What type of practice might be too demanding for some performers?
Massed practice.
70
Give an example of a sport that might use massed practice.
Basketball player practicing a free throw.
71
Give an example of a sport that might use distributed practice.
Swimmer practicing technique.
72
What is variable practice?
Conditions are varied
## Footnote
Useful for developing skills in realistic situations
73
What are the benefits of variable practice?
* Good for open skills
* Realistic conditions
* Motivation
* Develops schema
## Footnote
Helps athletes adapt to different scenarios
74
What is a negative aspect of variable practice?
Time consuming
## Footnote
Requires significant time investment for proper execution
75
Give an example of variable practice.
Player practising a football pass
## Footnote
Involves different conditions and scenarios for the pass
76
What is mental practice?
Mental or cognitive rehearsal of a skill without actual physical movement
## Footnote
Involves visualizing the execution of a skill
77
List some benefits of mental practice.
* Improves reaction time
* Builds confidence
* Controls anxiety
## Footnote
Enhances performance readiness and self-assurance
78
What is a requirement for effective mental practice?
The environment must be calm
## Footnote
Reduces distractions and enhances focus
79
What must be correct for mental practice to be effective?
Visualizations must be accurate
## Footnote
Incorrect visualizations can lead to poor performance
80
Fill in the blank: Mental practice can be used to _______ during rest periods during a performance.
focus attention
## Footnote
Helps maintain concentration and readiness
81
What does mental practice prevent?
Physical wear and tear
## Footnote
Reduces physical strain on the body
82
What effect does mental practice have on muscles?
Produces small muscle contractions in the same sequence as actual practice
## Footnote
Mimics physical activity without exertion
83
What does mental practice build in athletes?
Self-confidence
## Footnote
Encourages belief in one's abilities
84
Fill in the blank: Mental practice can be used to control _______ levels in advance of performance.
arousal
## Footnote
Helps manage stress and anxiety before competing
85
What can mental practice simulate?
A whole movement sequence
## Footnote
Allows for comprehensive rehearsal of skills
86
What does mental practice create?
A mental image of skill
## Footnote
Visualizes successful execution of techniques
87
True or False: Mental practice is only useful before a performance.
False
## Footnote
It can also be beneficial during rest periods and for mental warm-ups
88
What should mental practice promote?
A state of readiness for action
## Footnote
Prepares the mind for performance
89
What should mental practice be like to be effective?
As realistic as possible
## Footnote
Enhances effectiveness and transfer to actual performance
90
Fill in the blank: Mental practice allows athletes to imagine _______ or failure.
success
## Footnote
Helps prepare psychologically for outcomes
91
What is visual guidance?
The learner watches a model, mainly through demonstration.
## Footnote
Important in cognitive early stage of learning; creates mental image, highlights weakness, builds motor programme.
92
What are the advantages of visual guidance?
* Creates mental image
* Highlights weakness
* Builds motor programme
* Important for early learning
## Footnote
Must be accurate; learner must be capable of copying.
93
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
If not accurate, wrong actions may be learned.
## Footnote
Examples include demonstration, video, and poster.
94
What is verbal guidance?
It is explained to the learner what to do, often to accompany visual guidance.
## Footnote
Used more with competent performers.
95
What are the advantages of verbal guidance?
* Can highlight a coaching point
* Useful for technical/tactical help
## Footnote
Must be clear to avoid misunderstandings.
96
What are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?
* Can overload performer with information if not brief
* May be misunderstood
## Footnote
Coach tells the performer what to do.
97
Fill in the blank: Visual guidance is important in the cognitive _______ of learning.
[early stage]
98
True or False: Verbal guidance is primarily used for beginners.
False
## Footnote
It is used more with competent performers.
99
Fill in the blank: An example of visual guidance is _______.
[demonstration]
100
What is manual guidance?
Supporting or physically moving a learner's body
## Footnote
This involves the use of physical support or placing limbs in correct positions.
101
What are the advantages of manual guidance?
* Helps with kinesthetic awareness
* Eliminates danger
* Gives early feel of motion
* Gives confidence
## Footnote
These benefits contribute to a safer and more effective learning environment.
102
What are the disadvantages of manual guidance?
* May interfere with kinesthesis if overused
* Performer may depend on the guidance too much
* Proximity of coach may add pressure
* Performer may lose motivation if they cannot do the task without help
## Footnote
Over-reliance on guidance can hinder the development of independent skills.
103
What is mechanical guidance?
Using a mechanical aid to fix the learner's body positions
## Footnote
Examples include stabilizers on a bike and notation devices for swimming.
104
What are the advantages of mechanical guidance?
* Gives confidence and ensures safety
* Provides some idea of kinesthetic sense of movement
* Gives feel of whole skill
* Builds confidence
* Prevents injury
## Footnote
Mechanical aids help learners understand the skill while maintaining safety.
105
What are the disadvantages of mechanical guidance?
* May interfere with kinesthesis if overused
* Confidence and motivation can be lost if performer cannot do skill without the aid
## Footnote
Dependence on mechanical aids can lead to challenges in performing skills independently.
106
What are the 6 types of feedback?
- positive
- negative
- extrinsic
- intrinsic
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
107
How can you remember the types of feedback?
PINKKE
108
Give 3 benefits of feedback
- builds confidence
- corrects errors
- develops motor programmes
