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1
Q

What is the threshold for somatic cell count which would make you want to treat the cow for subclinical mastitis?

A

> 200,000 SCC CMT

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2
Q

What are the two types of mastitis?

A
  • environmental
  • contagious
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3
Q

What is the test for SCC called?

A

California Milk Test

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4
Q

Aminoglycosides- broad spec or narrow?

A

narrow

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5
Q

Aminoglycosides - gram negative or gram positive?

A

gram negative

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6
Q

What drugs are HP-CIAs?

A
  • fluoroquinolones
  • macrolides
  • cephalosporins 3rd-4th gen
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7
Q

E. Coli- gram negative or gram positive?

A

Gram negative

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8
Q

Define metaphylaxis

A

Treatment given to the entire herd as opposed to the individual

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9
Q

Causes of calf scour

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Salmonella
  • E. Coli
  • Cryptococcus
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10
Q

What are the two bacteria that can cause calf scour? (<2 weeks)

A
  • E. Coli (<3days)
  • Salmonella
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11
Q

What test can you use on the farm that tests for calf scours?

A

SNAP test for corona/ rota, crytpo, e.coli

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12
Q

What bacteria does the SNAP test used to detect calf scours NOT account for?

A

Salmonella (but animals will have bloody faeces and pyrexia)

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13
Q

Pathogens that can cause calf pneumonia?
(<6m)

A
  • Mannheimia hemmolytica
  • Mycoplasma Bovis
  • IBR- BHV
  • (BVD indirectly as it causes immunocompromise)
  • Pasteurella Multocida
  • Histophilus Somni
  • Parainfluenza 3
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14
Q

What are the Bacterial Pathogens that can cause calf pneumonia? Are these commensals or non- commensals?

A
  • Histophilus Somni
  • Mannheimia Hemmolytics
  • Mycoplasma Bovis
  • Pasteurella Multocida

ALL COMMENSALS so usually 2ndary to viral infection- thats why its best to sample in the early stages of disease.

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15
Q

What causes new forest eye?

A

Moraxella Bovis

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16
Q

How would you treat calf pneumonia?

A
  • oxytetracycline 1st line - then florfenicols—-> macroclides (3rd line)
  • NSAIDs ie flunixin
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17
Q

Why use meloxicam instead of flunixin?

A
  • longer acting
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18
Q

What does a bacteriostatic antibacterial require?

A

a functional immune system

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19
Q

Pencillin factors

A
  • gram positive
  • cidal
  • time
  • poor penetration into CNS
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20
Q

Why can penicillin be used in cases of meningitis?

A

Because the BBB is damaged during inflammation

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21
Q

Where does penicillin not work?

A
  • acidic environments
  • against mycoplasma
  • in pus/ necrotic tissue
  • not in CNS
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22
Q

Why is amoxyclav better than penicillin G?

A
  • active in pus/necrotic
  • is good against gram positive and negative
  • inhibits Beta lactamases
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23
Q

What is amoxycillin ineffective against?

A
  • CNS
  • mycoplasma (no cell wall)
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24
Q

where does oxytetracycline not get into?

A
  • the uterus
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25
TMPS - broad or narrow spec?
broad spectrum
26
TMPS- static or cidal?
cidal
27
TMPS- time or dose dependent?
time-dependent
28
tetracycline- dose or time dependent?
time-dependent
29
Example of an antibiotic has 0 milk withdrawal period?
Cephalophorins - 1 to 4??
30
Which NSAID has 0 milk withdrawal period?
ketoprofen
31
Trade names for Macrolides?
Draxxin, Tylan (tylosin),
32
Florphenicols can be used in young or old animals?
young- as cannot enter the food chain.
33
Should you treat E. Coli with antibiotics?
NO- because it is the toxin that is damaging, so if you use AB will kill E/ Coli and release more toxin. YES- because 2ndary infection can occur so need to prevent that.
34
Can you use Penicillin for E. Coli?
No
35
Fluids types
- isotonic - hypertonic - hypotonic
36
How much NaCl is there in a hypertonic bag?
7.2% NaCL
37
When would you consider giving IVFT to an adult dairy cow?
Toxic mastitis
38
How much isotonic would you give to a calf?
1L
39
Hypertonic or isotonic for adult cow?
- hypertonic first (obligatory) - isotonic secondary
40
Hartmanns contains .... with precipitates with bicarbonate
Calcium
41
When do dams get endometritis
>21 days post partum
42
When do dams get metritis
0-21 days post partum
43
metritis- acute or chronic?
acute
44
endometritis- acute or chronic?
chronic
45
with metritis are cows always systemically unwell?
not necessarily
46
What bacteria causes metritis?
e.coli---> Trueperella pyogenes and gram negative anaerobes
47
What bacteria causes endometritis?
Trueperella Pyogenes and gram negative anaerobes
48
Define clinical metritis
animal NOT systemically unwell but has an enlarged uterus and purulent uterine discharge
49
We need to get heifers pregnant by... months
15 months
50
We want heifers to be ideally calving at ...months
24 months
51
cows come into heat every ... days
21 days
52
Do heifers have longer or shorter cycles?
Heifers tend to have shorter intervals (only by one day or so!)
53
what can we do to ensure heifers can start cycling (ie reach puberty) by 12months
ensure they gain sufficient weight! (ie 300kg for holstein )
54
what is the voluntary waiting period
the time between calving and serving
55
Pregnancy diagnosis for cows
- non-return to estrous - rectal exam - US - lab tests (milk or blood P4)
56
Rectal exam- what structures can you identify for pregnancy diagnosis?
- position of the cervix - uterus (size, position, symmetry, thickness and tone) - ovaries - middle uterine artery (by 120d it is unilateral)- by 240d bilateral fremitus
57
pyometra or mucometra can be confused with ... in a cow
pregnancy
58
what are the 3 phases of BEEF SYSTEMS IN THE UK
1- rearing 2- growing 3- finishing
59
beef finishing systems can be classified into 3 categories
1- intensive 2- semi-intensive 3- extensive
60
What are the indications for a C-section
1- foetal oversize and dam undersize 2- foetal deformity 3- Irreducible uterine torsion 4- Unresolvable malpresentations 5- Emphysematous calves
61
What blocks are available for a C-section on a cow?
- inverted L block (regional block) - paravertebral block - Line block (local anaesthesia) - GA
62
Potential complications for C-section
- hemmorrhage - infection (i.e. peritonitis) - suture failure
63
Prognosis for dam survival after a C-section?
- very good! 95%
64
What is the prognosis for uterine prolapse ?
- generally favourable and survival ranges from 72 to 83 per cent, with mortality mostly occurring acutely due to hypovolaemic shock and haemorrhage
65
What agents causes ovine pneumonia?
PI-3, Respiratory syncitial virus, adenovirus Mannheimia Hemmolytica, Mycoplasma, Hameophilus, Salmonella
66
What agent causes BHV-1?
Bovine herpes virus 1
67
Who is affected by BHV-1?
cattle
68
What type of virus causes BVD?
Pestivirus
69
You see crusty erosions around the nostrils and muzzle of a sheep, what possible agents ?
- ORF - Bluetongue
70
Fluid in the submandibular space in a sheep could indicate what disease?
Bottle jaw
71
What causes bottle jaw?
parasitism - leading to protein loss- affecting oncotic pressure
72
Normal TPR of a sheep
38.5-39.5
73
Normal HR of a sheep
60-90
74
Normal RR of a sheep
20-30 (but can go up to 60 on a hot day!)
75
Large prominent vessels in the conjunctiva may indicate...
toxaemia
76
When does pregnancy toxaemia generally occur in sheep?
last 4 weeks of gestation
77
average gestation period of a sheep
147days
78
What causes abortion in sheep?
Toxoplasma, Chlamydia, Listeria, Brucella, Border disease virus, Campylobacter, Salmonella

Rotation (11 decks)

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