Neuro

Question 1

Does Horners cause miosis or mydriasis?

Answer 1

miosis (pupillary constriction)

Question 2

In Horners syndrome which system predominates, SNS or PNS?

Answer 2

PNS dominates

Question 3

Which nerve innervates the levator palpebrae superior?

Answer 3

CNIII occulomotor nerve

Question 4

What may you see in Horners syndrome?

Answer 4

• pupilllary constriction
• retractor bulbi causes eyelid to droop

Question 5

Which nerve innervates the muscle that closes the eye (orbicularis oculi)

Answer 5

facial nerve VII

Question 6

what is the afferent nerve in the palpebral reflex?

Answer 6

Trigeminal (opthalmic and maxillary branches)

Question 7

what is the efferent nerve in the palpebral reflex?

Answer 7

facial nerve VII

Question 8

what ddx are peracute in myelopathies?

Answer 8

• ischaemic myelopathy
• fracture/luxation
• ANNPE

Question 9

What ddx are chronic in myelopathies?

Answer 9

IVD protrusion
Vertebral malformation
neoplasia

Question 10

What ddx are acute in myelopathies?

Answer 10

IVDE
myelitis
Discospondylitis
some neoplasias

Question 11

is ANNPE progressive?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

Steroid responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA) affects young or older dogs?

Answer 12

younger dogs

Question 13

Is ANNPE painful?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

is meningitis painful?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

is FCE or ischaemic myelopathy progressive?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

is ANNPE lateralised?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

is FCE/ ischaemic myelopathy lateralised?

Answer 17

yes

Question 18

is IVDE lateralised?

Answer 18

non

Question 19

the annulus fibrosus contains the …

Answer 19

nucleus pulposus

Question 20

what does FCE stand for?

Answer 20

fibrocartilaginous embolism

Question 21

Meningomyelitis of unknown origin- what is the 5 finger rule?

Answer 21

-acute
- progressive
- painful
- multifocal/ t3-L3 myelopathy
- may be symmetrical or lateralised

Question 22

what is the most common cause of ischaemic myelopathy in dogs?

Answer 22

fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE)

Question 23

Onset of ischaemic myolopathy

Answer 23

peracute

Question 24

are radiographs good to prognosticate spinal injuries?

Answer 24

NO

Question 25

what is a tremor?

Answer 25

an involuntary muscle contraction

Question 26

can you localise tremors?

Answer 26

no tends to be multifocal

Question 27

define myotonia

Answer 27

increased muscle tone

Question 28

sustained muscle contraction can me called

Answer 28

tetany

Question 29

types of tremors

Answer 29

- kinetic (myelin disorders, and cerebellar) -

Question 30

does Parkinson disease occur in dogs?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

What is shaky puppy syndrome? (hallmark cx)

Answer 31

generalised tremors (halmark)

Question 32

What causes shaky puppy syndrome?

Answer 32

- hypomyelination/ dysmyelination

Question 33

Can shaky puppy syndrome affect cats?

Answer 33

yes (esp siamese cats)

Question 34

intention tremor is neurolocalised to which region?

Answer 34

cerebellum

Question 35

Cerebellar disease with intention tremor and or titubation (truncal sway) can be caused by an antibiotic, which one?

Answer 35

metronidazole

Question 36

define opsoclonus

Answer 36

tremor of the eye (NOT NYSTAGMUS)

Question 37

orthostatic tremor - you will only see tremor when animals is standing or non weight bearing?

Answer 37

tremors when weight bearing and will stop when non weight bearing. Use stetoscope to try and listen for helicopter sign.

Question 38

orthostatic tremors can be seen in which breeds ?

Answer 38

great danes retrievers

Question 39

Episodic head tremor can be distinguished from intention tremor as it will stop upon intention- true or false

Answer 39

TRUE

Question 40

Can distemper cause tremor?

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

Twitch occur due to which dysfuntion?

Answer 41

potassium gated channels or ion channel or electrolyte imbalances or hypoglycemia

Question 42

what intoxications can cause tremors?

Answer 42

- mycotoxins, - permethrin in cats - chocolate

Question 43

myokymia can cause what cx

Answer 43

rippling of the muscle

Question 44

What is the difference between a tremor and a twitch?

Answer 44

tremor tends to be more regular (more CNS), and twitch tends to be more irregular (more PNS)