Post mortem

Question 1

Name some artefacts you may encounter during a PM

Answer 1

• freeze-thaw effect: Crystals formed during freezing can then thaw leading to heavy cutsH

Question 2

Heme imbibition define

Answer 2

staining from blood (colour change on different organs)

Question 3

External exam of cadaver before PM- Name some things to take note

Answer 3

• rigor mortis
• BCS

Question 4

info required before carrying out a PM

Answer 4

• clinical history
• permission from Owner to perform PM
• time and manner of death
• cadaver storage details
• reason for PM

Question 5

emphysema define

Answer 5

gas pockets (can be caused by Clostridia)

Question 6

when opening the thorax from the abdomen check for ….

Answer 6

negative pressure

Question 7

If there is no negative pressure when opening the thorax this could be due to …

Answer 7

a puncture wound for example.

Question 8

What forms part of the pluck

Answer 8

• oesophagus
• caudal vena cava
• aorta

Question 9

open the trachea, and you find froth- what may this indicate?

Answer 9

pulmonary oedema

Question 10

open the trachea, and you find ingesta- what may this indicate?

Answer 10

aspiration

Question 11

pig enteric disease causes (5)

Answer 11

• coccidia
• clostridia
• enterogenic E.Coli
• viral (coronavirus and rotavirus)

Question 12

Pre-patency period for pig coccidia (days)

Answer 12

5 days!

Question 13

Which two bacteria can attach to the apical surface of pig enterocytes and release toxins?

Answer 13

• clostridium
• E.COli

Question 14

Catarrhal enteritis in pigs (yellow) is suggestive of what?

Answer 14

• viral. infection

Question 15

Hemmorhagic enteritis in pigs (red) is suggestive of what?

Answer 15

clostridium

Question 16

What is the cause of bronchopneumonia in pre-weaned pigs?

Answer 16

Pasteurella Multocida, Bordetella Bronchiseptical

Question 17

What is the cause of bronchopneumonia in post-weaned pigs?

Answer 17

streptococcus suis, Glasserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Question 18

What can cause septicemia in pigs? (routes)

Answer 18

• inhalation of agent
• navel ill
• ingestion

Question 19

Pathogenesis of septicaemia in pigs

Answer 19

ingestion/inhalation/navel ill > spreading through
bloodstream > toxin production + release of inflammatory mediators > vascular
damage > oedema/effusions into body cavities, fibrin exudation, widespread
haemorrhages (petechiae), thrombosis

Question 20

Notifiable diseases in pigs

Answer 20

• Aujeskys disease
• african swine fever
• Classical swine fever
• vesicular disease (i.e FMD)
• Brucellosis
• Porcine epidemic diarrhoea

Question 21

What notifiable pig disease could be the cause of petechiation of the kidney?

Answer 21

classical swine fevel

Question 22

What is the main clinical signs of pigs with vesicular disease?

Answer 22

lameness

Question 23

what disease gives rise diffuse necrotizing (pyogranulomatous) orchitis in pigs?

Answer 23

Brucellosis

Question 24

fowl paralysis can be indicative of what type of poultry disease ?

Answer 24

Mareks disease

Question 25

What are the notifiable diseases for chickens?

Answer 25

Newcastle avian influenza

Question 26

What does myxoma mean? (However these are rare so don't look for them)

Answer 26

- histological fibromas - macroscopically nodules

Question 27

Caseous Lymphadenitis is caused by

Answer 27

- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

Question 28

How to test for CLA in sheep?

Answer 28

- do an elisa for the antibody on the blood

Question 29

If a sheep is positive for CLA what should you do?

Answer 29

cull

Question 30

CLA is commonly transmitted to

Question 31

Causative a Johnes

Answer 31

MAP (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis)

Question 32

Causative agent of CLA

Answer 32

Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis

Question 33

How to stain intracellular bacterium?

Answer 33

Ziehl Neelsson

Question 34

What disease causes cobblestone of the ileum (thickened mucosa)

Answer 34

Johnes- cow

Question 35

How can you test for Johnes in a cow herd?

Answer 35

- PCR (60% false results) - ELISA

Question 36

Blacks disease is caused by what other parasite

Answer 36

- liver fluke as it creates an anerobic environment

Question 37

liver fluke travel through the intestine--> the liver--> ..?...

Answer 37

the gallbladder

Question 38

liver fluke give rise to what other cx

Answer 38

anemia jaundice

Question 39

Black disease affects which species

Answer 39

cattle sheep

Question 40

Pulpy kidney disease in small ruminants is caused by

Answer 40

Clostridium Perfringens D- secondary to immunocompromise

Question 41

What's an effective way of treating a dysbiosis?

Answer 41

fecal transplant

Question 42

Clostridium difficile affect which spp (6)

Answer 42

- horses - human - dogs - cat - pigs - rabbits

Question 43

Clostrium hemolyticum is also called

Answer 43

Clostrium novyi Type D

Question 44

Blacks leg is caused by what type of clostridium

Answer 44

Clostridium Chauvoei

Question 45

3 types of clostriudium

Answer 45

- enterotoxic (gut types) - histotoxic (tissue) - neutotoxic (pns)

Question 46

the two types of neurotoxic clostridium

Answer 46

- C. Tetani - C. Botulism (cows grazing near areas where chickens have been defecating)

Question 47

Apart from Clostridia, which other bacteria have toxins?

Answer 47

- VTEC / Shiga-producing -

Question 48

How do you stabilise a GDV? what is the risk of untwisting GDV?

Answer 48

- 1) IV FLUID!! 2 catheters - 2) test for lactate as a px factor - REPERFUSION INJURY

Question 49

Explain what happens in SIRS

Answer 49

IL1, IL6, TNFa ----> HR increase and BP decrease (due to vasculitis) -----> DIC, multiorgan dysfunction

Question 50

How to treat a SIRS case?

Answer 50

- hypertonic fluids (to bring fluid that has leaked out of vessels back in) - dexamethasone (to decrease the inflammation)

Question 51

Most likely Taenia saginata can be found in which muscles

Answer 51

- most likely the masseter

Question 52

Tenia Ovis intermediate host is which spp?

Answer 52

- dog - fox

Question 53

Why is Erysipelas in pigs important for public health?

Answer 53

zoonotic--> humans

Question 54

Is BVD notifiable?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

what makes a disease notifiable?

Answer 55

- trade implications - financial implications - viability of eradicating - political decision - risk to public health

Question 56

Can Erysipelas cause septicaemia and endocarditis?

Answer 56

yes

Question 57

Apart form Erysipelas, what other agent can cause septicaemia?

Answer 57

Streptococcus Suis (NOTIFIABLE)

Question 58

In ASF, which organ increases in size?

Answer 58

- the spleen - gastrohepatic LN

Question 59

Name some causative agents of septicaemia in pigs?

Answer 59

- Streptococcus Suis - Erysipelas Suis - African swine fever