endnotes

Question 1

Druysk

Answer 1

part of Russian empire and later part of Poland

Question 2

Tzitzit

Answer 2

tassels worn by observan tjews on four cornered garments

Question 3

tallit

Answer 3

prayer shawl

Question 4

misnagdim

Answer 4

Hebrew word means opponents aka Vilna Goan often used by European Jews to refer to Ashkenazi Jews who opposed the rise and spread of Hasidic Judaism

Question 5

Hasidism

Answer 5

troubled many traditional rabbis. felt it may be a false messiah movement.

Question 6

Rabbi Israel ben ELiezer

Answer 6

founder of Hasidim

Question 7

Lithuanian approach to Judaism was

Answer 7

concentration on highly intellectual Talmud study. Lithuania was the heartland of traditional opposition to Hasidism.

Question 8

Opposition of the Vilna Goan

Answer 8

two bans against Hasidism came as early as 1772. Vilna Goan galvanized opposition to Hasidism. Believed claims of miracles were lies. Main point of oppostition was greatness lies in Torah.

Question 9

Hasidism’s changes and challenges

Answer 9

most of the changes to Hasidism were product of Hasidic approach to Kaballah. the stress of prayer over study was seen as a threat to traditional Jewish views.

Question 10

Hasidism did not follow the traditional Ashkenazi prayer rite and instead

Answer 10

used a rite that was a combination of AShkenazi and Sephardic rites based on Kabbalistic concepts

Question 11

Hasidic jews also added some strict stringencies on

Answer 11

keeping things kosher

Question 12

In many places, persecutions were instituted against the

Answer 12

hasidism

Question 13

the leaders of Hasidism were denounced to the Russian government as

Answer 13

agitators and teachers of heresy

Question 14

labeling Hasidism smart

Answer 14

Hebrew for pious and saintly

Question 15

called opponents to Hasidism mitnagdim

Answer 15

Hebrew for opponents

Question 16

naming made Hasidism seem more

Answer 16

dynamic and positive

Question 17

with passage of time Hasidism and Mitnagdims realized that their differences were

Answer 17

largely inconsequential especially when they faced a common enemy the jewish enlightenment. feared their children would become irreligious; also Hasidism started to also rely on Talmud study

Question 18

simcha shel mizpah

Answer 18

Hassidic joy of performing a commandment

Question 19

flax

Answer 19

annual plant with tender stems, green leaves, pale blue flowers, one of worlds oldest fiber crops

Question 20

flu

Answer 20

h1n1 in 1915? Spanish flu? precursor wave helps planning even now

Question 21

Kraslava Latvia

Answer 21

During 1920-1935 jews increased 24000 to 44000 . Interwar was a good place to live for Jews. Then Russian occupation and holocaust came

Question 22

shoemakers

Answer 22

early to mid 20th century shoes were still made by hand. Since they were handmade they were very expensive

Question 23

Kristallnacht

Answer 23

pogroms against GErmany’s jews started in Nov 9 1938 by the Nazis translates as Night of Broken glass, A jewish teenager assassinated a german diplomat in Paris. Portrayed as spontaneous bit were really planned and calculated attacks against the Jews; culminated the escalating violence against Jews that began after incorporating Austria into the Reich in 1938

Question 24

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Answer 24

aka Hitler/Stalin Pact in theory a non aggression pact between the Soviet Union and German Reich signed in Moscow August 1939 by Molotov and vonRibbentrop lasted until Operation Barbossa June 1941

Question 25

secret protocols on Nazi-soviet pact

Answer 25

independent countries including Lithuania were divided into spheres of interest so it made it more like a military aggression alliance

Question 26

Operation Barbossa

Answer 26

dec 18 1840 hitler signed war directive #21 to crush Soviet Union in a quick campaign; names after a leader of the third crusade in the 12th century; marked downturn for Nazi fortunes

Question 27

Hitlers generals advised him against fighting a

Answer 27

two front war

Question 28

fierce resistance here sent Germans back a bit

Answer 28

Moscow; Russia's victory cost the lives of 28 million Russians

Question 29

born in Essen-Steele Germany on 7-6-1885 joined German army in 1904, served on Western front during WW1 , ardent supporter of Nazi party , Hitler appointed him Major General

Answer 29

Ernest Busch who told Hitler to take Czechoslavakia. Most other generals told him to move with caution. Took part in Operation Barbossa; surrendered later, was a prisoner of war and died in captivity

Question 30

Kovno

Answer 30

between the world wars industry prospered here. It was the largest city in Lithuania. It 1940 it was annexed by the USSR. had a Jewish population of 37,000 often attacked by anti communist Lithuanians. 3700 were killed then others moved to a concentration camp. Many more were shot at Ninth Fort.

Question 31

Ninth Fo

Answer 31

In 1944 when the Soviets moved in it became known as the Fort of Death and prisoners were dispersed to other camps. After WW2 the Soviets used it as a prison for a few years.

Question 32

Vidzy/Widze

Answer 32

Prior to WW1 was part of Russian Empire. Became part of Poland in 1920. In 1939 the Soviets entered and gave it to Lithuania. In 1941 when the nAZI Germans took over it was incorporated into Belarus under the Soviets IN 1945.. Today it is the NW part of Belarus near Lthuania and Latvia. 4th largest marketplace in Lithuania. Established over 500 years ago under Lithuania has been the site of many wars. Russians/Swedes Lithuanians/Poles Germans/Russians ``` Prior to WW1 belonged to Russia then Lithuania later Nazi Germany Finally Belarus (like many towns in the Vilna district) ```

Question 33

Deportation

Answer 33

winter of 1942 Jews from Druysk and move to city of Vidzy or ghetto of Braslav. Gentiles waited to grab the Jews property. Some jumped sleighs and escaped. The pits were behind Braslav. Work was organized for them at Vidzy.

Question 34

The End Game

Answer 34

the ghetto was surrounded by Lithuanian collaborators; those useful for work were moved to Latvia and Estonia work camps.

Question 35

Swieciany

Answer 35

1300 Jews in Vidzy were transferred here to a small ghetto. Poor conditions led to typhus. Those with useful professions were then moved to Vilna others went to Kosvo. Lithuanian police took the ones meant for Kosvo to their deaths at Ponar. Their was chaos. Most still died.

Question 36

Ponar

Answer 36

Jews had to dig up and burn the bodies of fellow 10s of 1000s of Jews. They were put in a pit to sleep with the ladder pulled out each night. 15 did escape into the woods and met up with the partisans.

Question 37

Braslav

Answer 37

small town in Belarus; in Poland until 1795 and again between 1921 and 1939.

Question 38

The Holocaust Period in Braslav

Answer 38

In 1941 there were 2500 jews in Braslav. City was captured by the Germans in June 1941. Jews were removed to swamp for 2 days. Jewish property stolen by local population. Contribution of 100,000 rubles was expected from the Jewish population. By April 1942 a ghetto for the Jews was established. Ghetto divided into productive and nonproductive. First Atkion on June 3 1942 3000+ killed local farmers helped Germans kill. Autumn of 1942 ghetto turned into a work camp. March 1943 Nazis liquidated the camp some Jews offered armed resistance.

Question 39

Babi Yar

Answer 39

by 1941 the focus of the mobile killing units had changed. They had 4 main divisions A,B,C,D. Operated behind German troops eliminating undesirables. Stripped, shot and buried. One of the most brutal assassinations was at a ravine called Babi Yar near Ukranian city of Kiev.

Question 40

Cordwainer (new leather) or Cobbler (old leather)

Answer 40

name for a shoemaker

Question 41

sonderkommandos

Answer 41

groups of Jewish young prisoners picked for their youth whose job was to dispose of corpses

Question 42

coal tar soap

Answer 42

antiseptic soap orange in color made from the byproduct of distillation of coal

Question 43

black drawing salve

Answer 43

distilled from high sulphur oil shale ; brings splinters to surface, used for boils and carbuncles

Question 44

medicinal effects of urine

Answer 44

old urine contains high concentration of ammonia; urine is a byproduct of blood filtration it is NOT excess water. Toxins go to stool. urine is antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral. contains urea.

Question 45

pripetchik

Answer 45

fireplace with warming oven on top

Question 46

kaddish

Answer 46

prayer that praises god and asks for an establishment of his kingdom here on earth; recited by mourners at funerals; kaddish means santification

Question 47

Displaced Persons camp or DP camp

Answer 47

Following WW2 several hundred thousand Jewish people remained in these camps.

Question 48

Zeigenhain

Answer 48

a DP camp in Frankfurt's American zone

Question 49

Talmud torah

Answer 49

Jewish religious elementary school

Question 50

mikve

Answer 50

jewish ritual bath; submersion in pool; ritual cleanse

Question 51

Eschwege

Answer 51

German airforce base became an America zone DP camp

Question 52

cheder

Answer 52

traditional religious school for young children

Question 53

yeshiva

Answer 53

religious academy

Question 54

UNRRA

Answer 54

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration provided relief to areas liberated by Axis powers and helped 8 million refugees.

Question 55

The Betar movement

Answer 55

Revisonist Zioist youth movement founded in 1923 in Latvia. played role in fight against British and founding of Israel. Ideaology is summarized in the poem Shir Betar, modeled on ideas of courage, selfrespect, military training, defense of Jewish life and settlement in Israel toward the creation of a Jewish state

Question 56

Mussolini

Answer 56

encouraged ancient values of Italians and was anticommunist; Betar movement liked this

Question 57

largest centre of Jewish population in world was in

Answer 57

Poland

Question 58

During the 1930s and 1940s Betar organized illegal transport of jews to

Answer 58

Israel; saved about 40000 potential Holocaust victims

Question 59

International Red Cross

Answer 59

97 million volunteers worldwide; humanitarian movement; protect human life and health; ensure respect; protect from suffering without discrimination

Question 60

Henry Dunant

Answer 60

went to Italy to talk to Napolean; witnessed battle with 40000 casualties. start of red cross

Question 61

Holocaust

Answer 61

Jews and gypsies murdered in cold blood ; Red cross guilty of not throwing its full weight around

Question 62

soap

Answer 62

rumored that the Nazis made soap from the bodies; probably just stories psychological sadism. Rhineland Industrial Production. Did try experiments on human fat of Polish =,

Question 63

musar movement

Answer 63

a jewish moral movement 1) study Talmud by conduct as well 2) do not withdrawl from daily life 3) emotional and intellectual leaders 4) recite bible passages that evoke emotion 5) self examination by student 6) relevance as alternative to Reform

Question 64

Rabbi Israel Salanter

Answer 64

``` born 1810 Lithuania followed rabbi with quality of humility studied musar head of yeshivah in Vilna musar is Hebrew for ethics did work on Sabbath (Shabbat) during cholera epidemic laws of Torah aside to save lives left Vilna moved to Kovno transformed into Orthodox community ```

Question 65

Yom Kippur

Answer 65

Day of Atonement | SAlanter said eat anyway (maintain health)

Question 66

chicken farms in South Jersey

Answer 66

Hirsch fund established an agricultural school provided startup money for chicken and egg farmers in Woodbine and Vineland areas depression hit stayed on farms at least you could eat eggs by 1960s egg prices dropped corporate agribusiness left for better homes/ better schools

Question 67

Harold George Belafonte Jr

Answer 67

``` Jamaican born 1927 actor and social activist king of calypso banana boat song day-o first black man to win an emmy "turn the world around" ```

Question 68

Reform Judaism

Answer 68

guiding principle is autonomy of the individual right to decide whether to subscribe to a relief or a practice beliefs and practices embodied in Torah differ from observant Jews ritually believe evolve to survive accepts and encourages pluralism not uniformity in practice

Question 69

tikkum olam

Answer 69

dedicated to improvement of the world

Question 70

4 types of Judaism

Answer 70

Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist or Orthodox

Question 71

K'lal Yisrael

Answer 71

worldwide community of Jewry

Question 72

mitzvot

Answer 72

sacred and time hallowed acts

Question 73

kosher

Answer 73

some animals may not be eaten at all (pig hare) animals that may be eaten (cloven hoof and chew cud) yes fins scales no shellfish no birds of prey or scavengers must be killed in accordance with law blood must be drained out before eaten certain parts of allowed animals not to be eaten fruits and veggies yes (must inspect for bugs) meat can not be eaten with dairy fruits and veggies not eaten with meat utensils touch meat cannot touch dairy grape products made by nonjews may not be eaten

Question 74

orthodox judaism

Answer 74

written and oral torah are of divine origin contain exact words of god without any human influence strictly follow written law of torah laws concern dress, food, sex, family relations, social behavior, Sabbath, holidays and more term only emerged as a result of other branches of Judaism emerging views itself as continuation of beliefs and practices of normative Judaism from Mt Sinai and successive generations. modern a bit more liberal and a bit more Zionistic ultra orthodox critical of modern society

Question 75

13 principles of faith in Orthodox Judaism

Answer 75

1) god creator and ruler 2) god is one 3) god does not have a body 4) god is first and last 5) pray only to god 6) words of prophets are true 7) prophecy of moses is true; chief of all prophets 8) torah was given to moses 9) torah will not be changed and there will never be another 10) god knows mans deeds and thoughts 11) god rewards those who keep his commandments and punishes those who do not 12) there is a coming of the Messiah 13) dead will be brought back to life when god wills it

Question 76

conservative judaism

Answer 76

roots stretch back to 1880s call for unity calls for the whole of Jewish community also a jewry based on the north American experience a jewry related to modern living a jewry devoted to torah with education a priority a jewry normatively halachic (interwoven between religion and life??)

Question 77

Conservative Judaism maintains

Answer 77

writings come from God but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component believes laws should change and adapt idea of flexibility ``` National 1) centrality of modern Israel 2) Hebrew irreplaceable language 3) devotion to the whole Jewish community Religious 4) defining role of torah in reshaping Judaism 5) study of torah 6) governance of Judaism by Halakhah overarching 7) belief in God ```