Endo: Thyroid & Parathyroid Gland

Question 0

Thyroid gland was not documented until the

Answer 0

Renaissance period

Question 1

In 2700 B.C defined as the enlargement of the thyroid. Give the greek term

Answer 1

Goiter. Guttur.

Question 2

In 1916, he recognized that goiters arose from the thyroid gland

Answer 2

Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente

Question 3

In 1656, the term thyroid gland attributed to ________ in his Adenohraphia. Shield-shaped.

Answer 3

Thomas Wharton

Question 4

Greek for thyroid

Answer 4

Thyreoeides

Question 5

In 1776, he classified thyroid as a ductless gland. He thought of functions such as: _______ of the larynx, _______ for blood to provide continuous flow to the brain & ______ women’s neck.

Answer 5

Albrecht von Haller. Lubrication. Reservoir. Beautifying.

Question 6

In 1179, first accounts of thyroid surgery for the treatment of goiters

Answer 6

Roger Frugardi

Question 7

The most notable thyroid surgeons that performed thousands of operations with increasingly successful results

Answer 7

Emil Theodor Kocher & C.A. Theodor Billroth

Question 8

In 1909, he was awarded the nobel prize for medicine in recognition for his works on physio, patho and surgery of the thyroid gland.

Answer 8

Emil Theodor Kocher

Question 9

From an outpouching of the primitive gut

Answer 9

Thyroid gland

Question 10

At what week of gestation does your thyroid gland develops

Answer 10

3rd week

Question 11

Thyroid gland originates at the

Answer 11

Base of the tongue at foramen cecum

Question 12

Found in the floor of the pharyngeal anlage thicken to form the __________ that descends in the neck anterior to structures that from the hyoid bone and larynx.

Answer 12

Endoderm cells. Medial thyroid anlage.

Question 13

During its descent, the anlage connected to the foramen cecum via an epithelial-lined tube known as

Answer 13

Thyroglossal duct

Question 14

The epithelial cells making up the anlage give rise to the

Answer 14

Thyroid follicular cells

Question 15

The paired lateral anlage originate from the ________ and fuse with the median anlage at approximately the ______ of gestation.

Answer 15

4th branchial pouch. 5th week

Question 16

Lateral anlages are ________ in origin (________) and provide the _______ producing ________ which thus come to lie in the superoposterior region of the gland.

Answer 16

Neuroectodermal. Ultimobranchial bodies. Calcitonin. Parafollicular/C cells

Question 17

Thyroid follicles are initially apparent by

Answer 17

8week of gestation

Question 18

Colloid formation begins by the

Answer 18

11th week of gestation

Question 19

Developmental thyroid abnormalities

Answer 19

Lingual thyroid, Ectopic thyroid and Thyroglossal duct cyst & sinus “LET”

Question 20

Most commonly encountered congenital cervical anomalies. ___ week of gestation the thyroglossal duct lumen starts to obliterate, duct disappears by the ___ week of gestation.

Answer 20

Thyroglossal duct cyst. 5th. 8th.

Question 21

Failure of the median thyroid anlage to descend normally. May be the only thyroid tissue present.

Answer 21

Lingual thyroid

Question 22

Normal tissue may be found anywhere. Central neck compartment: _______, _______ & ________.

Answer 22

Ectopic thyroid. Trachea, Anterior mediastinum & Esophagus “TAE”

Question 23

In ectopic pregnancy, thyroid tissue is situated where

Answer 23

Lateral to the carotid sheath and jugular vein

Question 24

Ectopic thyroid is previously termed as

Answer 24

Lateral abberant thyroid

Question 25

Almost always represents metastatic thyroid cancer in lymph nodes

Answer 25

Ectopic thyroid

Question 26

Largest of all endocrine glands. Clasps the pharynx, larynx, esophagus and trachea like a shield.

Answer 26

Thyroid gland

Question 27

In thyroid gland, each lobe measures ___ extends to the level of ___ tracheal cartilage.

Answer 27

5cm. 6th.

Question 28

Thyroid gland is composed of right & left lobe. Each lobe has a _____ & _____ pole. Approximately ___ g. Larger in _______. Enlarges during _______. May enlarge slightly during _______.

Answer 28

Superior & Inferior. 20. Women. Pregnancy. Menstruation.

Question 29

The thyroid gland is posterior to the ______ muscles. Thyroid lobes located adjacent to the ___________. ________ that is just located inferior to the cricoid cartilage.

Answer 29

Strap. Thyroid cartilage. Isthmus.

Question 30

A pyramidal lobe that ascends from isthmus usually ____ side towards the _______.

Answer 30

Thyroid gland. Left. Hyoid bone.

Question 31

Thyroid gland may be attached to hyoid bone by fibrous band known as

Answer 31

Levator glandulae thyroidae

Question 32

Thyroid gland is derived from inferior end of the embryonic

Answer 32

Thyroglossal duct

Question 33

In normal individual, the pyramidal lobe is ________. In disorders resulting in thyroid hypertrophy the pyramidal lobe usually is _______ & ________.

Answer 33

Not palpable. Enlarged & Palpable.

Question 34

Thyroid lobes extend to the __________ superior and lie adjacent to the ________ & _________ laterally.

Answer 34

Midthyroid cartilage. Carotid sheats & SCM.

Question 35

Enumerate the strap muscles

Answer 35

Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid and Superior belly of the omohyoid. "SSS"

Question 36

The strap muscles are located _______ and are innervated by the ___________.

Answer 36

Anteriorly. Ansa cervicalis/Ansa hypoglossi.

Question 37

The thyroid gland is enveloped by a loosely connecting fascia that is formed from the partition of the __________ into anterior and posterior divisions.

Answer 37

Deep cervical fascia

Question 38

Derived from the deep cervical fascia. Attached to cricoid and thyroid cartilages. Thus, moves up and down with larynx during swallowing.

Answer 38

Pretracheal fascia

Question 39

Is a thin, densely adherent fibrous layer that sends out septa that invaginate into the gland, forming _________.

Answer 39

True capsule of thyroid. Pseudolobules.

Question 40

The thyroid capsule is condensed into the ____________ near the cricoid cartilage and upper tracheal rings.

Answer 40

Posterior suspensory or Berry's ligament.

Question 41

Arise from the ipsilateral External Carotid Arteries (ECA) and divide into anterior and posterior branches at the apoces of the thyroid lobes.

Answer 41

Superior thyroid arteries

Question 42

In superior thyroid arteries, 1st anterior branch of ECA, descnds the lateral part of the neck under the ___________ and ________ muscles. Above the level of the superior pole, accompanied by the _________ of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Answer 42

Superior belly of omohyoid & Sternohyoid. External laryngeal branch.

Question 43

Arise from the thyrocervical trunk shortly after their origin from the subclavian arteries. Level of the _______.

Answer 43

Inferior thyroid arteries. 1st rib.

Question 44

Inferior thyroid arteries, ascends vertically for a short distance to the ________. Turning medially, forming an arching loop and entering the __________. Enter the thyroid lobes at their midpoint.

Answer 44

Carotid sheath. Tracheoesophageal groove.

Question 45

Inferior thyroid artery crosses the __________, necessitating identification of the RLN before the arterial branches can be ligated.

Answer 45

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.

Question 46

Arises directly from the aorta or innominate. 1-4% of individuals has this. Enter the isthmus or replace a missing _________.

Answer 46

Thyroidea Ima Artery. Inferior thyroid artery.

Question 47

The venous drainage of the thyroid gland occurs via multiple small surfaces veins, which coalesce to form three sets of veins

Answer 47

Superior, Middle & Inferior Thyroid veins

Question 48

Veins are the least consistent

Answer 48

Middle thyroid vein

Question 49

Run with the superior thyroid arteries bilaterally

Answer 49

Superior thyroid veins

Question 50

The superior and middle veins drain directly into the

Answer 50

Internal Jugular veins

Question 51

Form a plexus, which drains into the brachiocephalic veins

Answer 51

Inferior thyroid veins

Question 52

Innervation of the thyroid gland

Answer 52

ANS, Parasympathetic NS & Sympathetic Ns

Question 53

Parasympathetic fiber innervation of the thyroid gland

Answer 53

Vagus nerve

Question 54

Sympathetic fiber innervation of the thyroid gland

Answer 54

Superior, Middle & Inferior sympathetic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

Question 55

In 1849, the curator of the London Zoological Gardens. First accurate description of the normal parathyroid gland after autopsy examination of an Indian rhinoceros

Answer 55

Sir Richard Owen

Question 56

In 1879, describes the 1st gross and microscopic of human parathyroids. Glands be named, glandulae parathyroideae.

Answer 56

Ivar Sandstrom

Question 57

In 1903, recognized the association of hyperparathyroid and the bone disease osteitis fibrosa cystica

Answer 57

Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen

Question 58

In 1925, first successful parathyroidectomy was performed in by

Answer 58

Felix Mandi

Question 59

In humans, the superior parathyroid gland are derived from the __________, which also gives rise to the ________.

Answer 59

4th branchial pouch. Thyroid gland.

Question 60

Give rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and the _______.

Answer 60

3rd branchial pouch. Thymus.

Question 61

The ______ remains closely associated with their respective branchial pouch derivatives.

Answer 61

Parathyroids.

Question 62

The position of normal __________ is more consistent, with 80% of these glands being found near the posterior aspect of the upper and middle thyroid lobes, at the level of the ________.

Answer 62

Superior parathyroid glands. Cricoid cartilage.

Question 63

Approximately 1% of normal upper glands may be found in the

Answer 63

Paraesophageal or Retroesophageal space

Question 64

As the embryo matures, the thymus and inferior parathyroid migrate together ________ in the ______.

Answer 64

Caudally. Neck.

Question 65

The most common location for inferior glands is within a distance of _____ from a point centered where the __________ & ____ cross.

Answer 65

1cm. Inferior thyroid artery & RLN.

Question 66

Approximately 15% of inferior glands are found in the

Answer 66

Thymus

Question 67

The position of the __________, tends to be more variable due to their longer migratory path. The frequency of ________ is about 2%c

Answer 67

Inferior glands. Intrathyroidal glands.

Question 68

May be found near the skull base, angle of the mandible, or superior to the upper parathyroid glands along with an undescended thymus

Answer 68

Undescended inferior glands

Question 69

The superior glands are usually __________ at the level of the cricoid cartilage, whereas the inferior parathyroid glands are located ________ to the nerve.

Answer 69

Dorsal to the RLN. Ventral.

Question 70

Normal parathyroid glands are _____ and ______ in newborns but appear _______ to light brown in adults. Parathyroid color depends on cellularity, fat content and vascularity.

Answer 70

Gray. Semitransparent. Golden yellow.

Question 71

Normal parathyroid glands are located in. What shape.

Answer 71

Loose tissue or fat. Ovoid.

Question 72

Size of parathyroid gland

Answer 72

7mm

Question 73

Weight of parathyroid gland

Answer 73

40-50mg

Question 74

Hormone secreted by Parathyroid gland

Answer 74

Parathormone

Question 75

Posterior aspect of the superior pole of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland and close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve(constant location)

Answer 75

Superior pair

Question 76

Posterior aspect of the inferior pole of the lateral lobes of tye thyroid gland

Answer 76

Inferior pair

Question 77

Parathyroid blood supply is derived from

Answer 77

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 78

Supply at least 20% of upper glands. Branches of the thyroidea ima, and vessels to the trachea, esophagus, larynx and mediastinum may also be found.

Answer 78

Superior thyroid artery

Question 79

The parathyroid gland drain ________ by the

Answer 79

Ipsilaterally. Superior, Middle and Inferior thyroid veins

Question 80

Pathologic enlargements of the inferior parathyroid glands may extend to the _______ & _______.

Answer 80

Trachea. Esophagus.

Question 81

Parathyroid glands maintain serum _______ & _______ levels.

Answer 81

Calcium. Phosphorus.

Question 82

Parathyroid physiology: maintain the body's ______ within a very narrow range, so that the _______ and ______ systems can function properly.

Answer 82

Calcium. Nervous & Muscular.

Question 83

Parathyroid physiology: when blood ______ levels drop below a certain point, ___________ in the parathyroid gland are activated to release _____ into the blood.

Answer 83

Calcium. Calcium sensing receptors. Parathormone.

Question 84

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around what structure before it ascends back to toward the thyroid area

Answer 84

Aortic arch

Question 85

What us the main arterial supply of the superior parathyroid gland

Answer 85

Inferior thyroid area

Question 86

How many percent of individuals has thyroidea ima

Answer 86

1-4%

Question 87

What is the first anterior branch of the ECA that supplies the thyroid and parathyroid

Answer 87

Superior thyroid artery

Question 88

In 1903 he was the first person to associate hyperparathyroid and osteitis fibrosia cystic, a disease also associated with his name. Who is this fellow?

Answer 88

Von Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel