Endocrine 1 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Label the endocrine glands
A
2
Q
What is the hollow called that the pituitary gland sits in?
A
Sella turica
3
Q
In what bone is the sella turica found?
A
sphenoid bone
4
Q
How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?
A
Is directly above pituitary
5
Q
How does enlargement of the pituitary gland affect a surrounding structure?
A
Impinges the crossing of fibres of the optic chiasm
Resulting in bitemporal hemionopia
6
Q
What lobes are present in the pituitary gland?
A
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
7
Q
What is A?
A
III ventricle
8
Q
What is B?
A
Optic chiasm
9
Q
What is C?
A
Pars intermedia
10
Q
What is D?
A
Anterior pituitary
11
Q
What is E?
A
Posterior pituitary
12
Q
What is F?
A
Mamillary bodies
13
Q
Which of the pituitary lobes is larger?
A
Anterior pituitary
14
Q
Which of the pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?
A
Anterior pituitary
15
Q
What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?
A
Releases neuroendocrine hormones
16
Q
How do you recognise the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary in histology?
A
Anterior - dark stained
Posterior - pale stained
17
Q
What is A?
A
Posterior pituitary
18
Q
What is B?
A
Anterior pituitary
19
Q
What are the 3 cell types in anterior pituitary and how do they stain?
A
Acidophilic (stain pink)
Basophilic (stain light purple)
Chromophobic (do not stain so appear pale)
20
Q
What is A?
A
Acidophils
21
Q
What is B?
A
Basophils
22
Q
What is C?
A
Chromophobes
23
Q
What are the different classes of acidophils?
A
Somatotrophs
Mammotrophs
24
Q
What does each class of acidophil secrete?
A
Somatotrophs - GH
Mammotrophs - prolactin
25
What is the target organ of GH?
Thymus gland
26
What is the target organ of prolactin?
Mammary gland
27
What are the different classes of basophils?
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
28
What are the secretory products of each basophil?
Corticotrophs - ACTH and MSH
Thyrotrophs - TSH
Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH
29
What is the target organ of ACTH?
Adrenal cortex
30
What is the target organ of MSH?
Melanocytes
31
What is the target organ of TSH?
Thyroid gland
32
What is the target organ of FSH?
Testes & ovaries
33
What is the target organ of LH?
Testes & ovaries
34
What are the secretory products of the anterior pituitary?
GH
Prolactin
ACTH
MSH
TSH
FSH
LH
35
What are the main secretory cells in the posterior pituitary?
Magnocellular neurons
36
What hormones do magnocellular neurons secrete?
Oxytoxin
Vasopressin
37
What is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland?
Superior hypophysial artery - enters hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (hypophysial portal system) that supply the anterior pituitary gland
Inferior hypophysial artery - supplies posterior pituitary
38
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pitutiary?
Through the hypothysial portal system
39
How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pitutiary?
Through the infindibulum (blood vessels run through)
Also known as pituitary stalk
40
What is the pituitary stalk also known as?
Infundibulum
41
What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?
Through hypophysial veins into the cavenous sinus
42
Where do hypophysial veins drain into?
Cavernous sinus
43
Where is the thyroid gland in relation to the trachea and larynx?
Anterior to trachea
Inferior to larynx
44
The thyroid gland is located between what vertebral levels?
C5 to T1
45
The isthmus lies opposite what tracheal rings?
2nd to 4th tracheal rings
46
What are the strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland?
Thyrohyoid
Cricothyroid
47
What is A?
Hyoid bone
48
What is B?
Thyroid cartilage
49
What is C?
Omohyoid muscle
50
What is D?
Cricoid cartilage
51
What is E?
Sternohyoid muscle
52
What is F?
Sternothyroid muscle
53
What is G?
Common carotid artery
54
What is H?
Thyrohyoid muscle
55
What is I?
Internal jugular vein
56
What are the 2 nerves that supplies the muscles of the vocal cords? Describe their relation to the thyroid gland?
Recurrent laryngeal nerves - runs between trachea and oesophagus
External laryngeal nerve - lies close to superior thyroid artery
57
External laryngeal nerve is a branch of what?
Branch of superior laryngeal nerve
58
What does the superior thyroid artery arise from?
ECA
59
From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?
Subclavian artery
60
What is the arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
61
Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain into?
IJV
62
Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain into?
IJV
63
Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
64
What is the venous drainge of the thyroid gland?
Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein
65
Where do most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into?
Deep cervical group of lymph nodes
66
How are the hormones stored in the thyroid gland?
In cavities surrounded by secretory cells, this makes follicles
Hormone is bound to glycoprotein and is called a colloid
During secretion is reabsorbed from cavity and then released into interstitial space
67
What are hormones bound to in the thyroid gland?
Glycoprotein and called colloid
68
What kind of cells lines follicles in thyroid gland?
Follicular cells
69
What colour does colloid stain in histology?
Pink
70
What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?
Thyroxine and triidothyroxine
71
Other than follicular cells, what is the other main cell in thyroid gland?
Parafollicular cells (also called clear or C cells)
72
Relative to the thyroid gland, where is the parathyroid gland?
Posterio lateral
73
How many parathyroid glands do most people have?
4, but this can vary
74
What are the parathyroid glands seperated from the thyroid gland by?
Thin fibrous capsule
75
What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?
Predominantly from the inferior thyroid arteries
76
What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?
Via the veins draining the thyroid gland to the IJV
77
What does this show?
Parathyroid gland
78
What is A?
Fibrous capsule
79
What is B?
Adipose tissue
80
What is C?
Chief cells
81
What is D?
Oxyphil cells
82
What hormone is released by parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
83
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) act on?
Bone, kidney and intestine - enhances release of calcium from bone/reabsorption from kidneys and intestine
84
What are the suprarenal glands seperated from the kidneys by?
A capsule
85
Are the suprarenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
86
What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?
Outer cortex
Inner medulla
87
Embryologically, what gives rise to the cortex and the medulla of the suprarenal glands?
Cortex - mesodermal epithelium
Medulla - neuroectoderm
88
What is the arterial supply of the suprarenal glands?
Through suprarenal arteries that arise from the inferior phrneic arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries
89
How many suprarenal veins are there?
1
90
Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right and left gland?
Right - IVC
Left - left renal vein
91
What is A?
Right inferior suprarenal artery
92
What is B?
Right middle suprarenal artery
93
What is C?
Right superior suprarenal artery
94
What is D?
Coeliac trunk
95
What is E?
Left superior suprarenal artery
96
What is F?
Left middle suprarenal artery
97
What is G?
Left inferior suprarenal artery
98
What is H?
Superior mesenteric artery
99
What is I?
Left renal artery
100
What is J?
Inferior mesenteric artery
101
What is K?
Aorta
102
What is M?
Right renal artery
103
Histologically, what can the cortex of the suprarenal glands be divided into?
Outer zona glomerulosa (thin)
Middle zona fasciculata (thick)
Inner zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to medulla)
104
What cells are found in the suprarenal glands medulla and what do they secrete?
Ovoid chromaffin cells that secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
105
What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the suprarenal medulla?
Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids
Zona reticularis - androgens
106
What is A?
Capsule
107
What is B?
Zona glomerulosa
108
What is C?
Zona fasiculata
109
What is D?
Zona reticularis
110
What is E?
Cortex
111
What is F?
Medulla
112
What is this image of?
Suprarenal gland
113
Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?
Retroperitoneal
114
What cells are found within Islet of Langerhans and what do they secrete?
Alpha cells - glucagon
Beta cells - insulin
Delta cells - somatostatin
F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
115
What is A?
Intercalated duct
116
What is B?
Blood vessel
117
What is C?
Acini of exocrine pancreas
118
What is D?
Interlobular duct
119
What is E?
Intralobular duct
120
What is F?
Islet of Langerhans (endocrine pancreas)
121
What is the endocrine pancreas called?
Islets of Langerhans
