Endocrine

Question 1

Most common site of extopic thyroid tissue?

Answer 1

tongue.

Question 2

Divisions of fetal adrenal gland? Secretes?

Answer 2

inner active fetal gland and dormant adult gland. Adult gland begins secreting cortisol for lung development late in gestation?

Question 3

Pheochryomocytoma vs neuroblastoma symptoms?

Answer 3

episodic HTN vs none

Question 4

Left adrenal drainage vs right? Other vein that follows similar pattern?

Answer 4

Left adrenal vein to left renal vein to IVC

Right adrenal vein straight to IVC

Gondal veins similar

Question 5

Hormones secreted from what begins as Rathke’s pouch? Color on stains?

Answer 5

FLAT PEG
Basophils (Purple): FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
Acidophiles (Pink): Prolactin, GH

Question 6

Rathke’s pouch derived from?

Answer 6

Surface ectoderm

Question 7

Location and function of pancreatic a, b, y, cells?

Answer 7

a cells: periphery - glucagon
b cells - center - insulin
y cells - interspersed - somatostatin

Question 8

Arcuate nucleus makes?

Anterior/medial hypothalamus?

Paraventricular nucleus?

Answer 8

GHRH/DA

GnRH

TRH

Question 9

beta cells - mech for insulin release?

Answer 9

increase ATP, blocks K channels, depol, increase Ca, insulin release

Question 10

Areas with insulin independent glucose uptake?

Answer 10

BRICK-L

Brain, RBCs, Intestine, Cornea, Kidney, Liver

Question 11

GLUT1 vs 2 vs 4 – Relationship with insulin? Scene in what tissue types?

Answer 11

Insulin independent versus bidirectional versus insulin dependent

RBCs/Brain vs pancreas/liver/kidney vs fat/skeletal muscle

Question 12

Insulin - effect on kidneys?

Answer 12

Na retention

Question 13

Other than glucose, what increases insulin release? Decreases?

More insulin from ingested or injected glucose?

Answer 13

B2-ags

Somatostatin and a2-ags

Ingested (increased gastric inhibitory peptide –> increased beta cell response)

Question 14

Insulin - 2 pathways inside cell?

Answer 14

TK can

1) PI3-K pathway - increases GLUT4 expression
2) RAS/MAP-K pathway - cell growth/DNA synthesis

Question 15

Factor that causes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Answer 15

Glucagon, NE, E

Question 16

GnRH inhibited by? which is inhibited by?

Answer 16

DA –| Prolactin –| GnRH

Question 17

Hormone that increases prolactin release?

Effects of prolactin release?

Answer 17

TRH, Estrogen

Increased milk production, GnRH

Question 18

GH - effect on insulin?

How does GH increase bone growth?

Answer 18

causes insulin resistance

Increases IGF-1 in the liver

Question 19

GH inhibited by?

Answer 19

glucose and somatostatin

Question 20

Functions of Cortisol?

Answer 20

BBIIGG

up BP, down Bone
up insulin resistance, down inflam
up gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis

Question 21

ACTH release controlled by?

Answer 21

Suprochiasmatic nucleus (controlled by circadian rhythms)

Question 22

PTH - effect on bone cells?

Answer 22

Increased M-CSF and RANK-L in osteoblasts. Stimulate osteoclasts

Question 23

Mg and PTH release?

Answer 23

decreased Mg causes increased PTH

severely decreased MG causes decreased PTH

Question 24

PTH increases Ca from?

Answer 24

Bone resorption
Kidney resorption
Kidney production of calcitriol

Question 25

Vit D - function?

Answer 25

Increases Ca and PO4 aborption from gut

Question 26

Calcitonin released from?

Answer 26

parafollicular cells of thyroid

Question 27

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: cAMP

Answer 27

FLAT CCHHiMP FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH/calcitonin, hCG/hGHRH, MSH, PTH ...and glucagon (modulates cAMP for gluconeogenesis)

Question 28

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: cGMP

Answer 28

ANP, NO

Question 29

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: IP3

Answer 29

GGOAT | Gastrin, GnRH, Oxytocin, ATII,TRH

Question 30

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: Steroid receptor

Answer 30

VETTT CAP | vit D, estrogen, testosterone, T3, T4, Cortisol, ALDO, Progesterone

Question 31

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: tyrosine kinase receptor to MAP-K

Answer 31

Insulin, growth factors IGF, FGF, PDGF, EGF

Question 32

Signalling pathway of endocrine hormones: JACK-STAT

Answer 32

PIG | Prolactin, IL-2/6/8/INF-y, GH

Question 33

Functions of T3?

Answer 33

``` 4Bs Brain maturation Bone growth B1 -ad effects (increase HR, CO, SV) Basal metabolic rate (via Na/K-ATPase) ```

Question 34

Causes a decreased in Thyroxine Binding proteinP? an increase?

Answer 34

hepatic failure pregnancy and OCP

Question 35

T3 to T4 via?

Answer 35

5'-deiodinase

Question 36

Perioxidase?

Answer 36

Thyroid hormone manufacturing: Oxidation (I to I2) organification (I2 + thyroglobulin) Coupling (T3/T4 form MIT/DIT)

Question 37

Propylthiouracil vs Methimazole?

Answer 37

inhibits peroxidase and 5'deiodinase vs inhibits peroxidase

Question 38

Why give iodized salt if exposed to radiation?

Answer 38

non-radioactive iodine saturates and prevents concentration of radioactive iodine in thyroid

Question 39

Overload of Iodine?

Answer 39

temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase (organification step)

Question 40

Occulsion of brachial artery leads to carpal spasm - cause?

Answer 40

hypoCa

Question 41

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules?

Answer 41

DM leading to NEG of EA of kidney