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Repro Flashcards

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1
Q

Embryo: Involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis? Produced where?

A

Sonic hedgehog. Made at base of limbs

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2
Q

Needed for organization along dorsal-ventral axis? produced

A

wnt-7. apical ectodermal ridge

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3
Q

needed for lengthening of limbs. Produced?

A

FGF. apical ectodermal ridge

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4
Q

Involved in segmental organization of embryo in craniocaudal direction. Mutation leads to?

A

Homeobox gene. Appendages in wrong locations

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5
Q

When does beta hCG secretion begin?

A

Week one of fetal development

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6
Q

Developmental milestones in week two, three, four?

A

Bilaminar disc (Yolk sac and amnion)

trilaminar disc and neural plate

heart begins to beat and neural tube closes

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7
Q

When is genitalia seen In fetal development?

A

Week 10

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8
Q

Derivatives that surface ectoderm?

A 
BEADPEEL
Breast (mammillary) glands
Enamel
Anterior pituitary and anal canal
Distal urethra
Parotid gland
Epidermis 
Ear
Lens of eye
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9
Q

Derivatives of neuroectoderm

A

Brain, posterior pituitary, retina

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10
Q

Derivatives of neural crest

A 
SHAPES
Skull bones
Heart – aorticopulmonary septum
Arachnoid
Pia
Endocrine glands (chromaffin, c-cells)
Skin - MSH
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11
Q

Derivatives of mesoderm

A

Muscles, blood, urine, reproduction

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12
Q

Mesodermal defects

A 
VACTERL
Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Renal defects
Limb defects
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13
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

G.I. tract, respiratory tract, neck (thymus, thyroid, parathyroid)

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14
Q

Malformation versus Deformation

A

During embryonic vs post embryonic period

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15
Q

Twin development

A

A=amnion, C=chorion

Until Week 4 - diC and diA
4-8: monoC diA
8-12: monoC, monoA
12+: conjoined

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16
Q

Cytotrophoblasts versus syncytiotrophoblast?

A

Make cells versus secretes beta hCG

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17
Q

Decides basalis? Derived from?

A

Contains maternal blood. Derived from endometrium

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18
Q

Umbilical arteries and veins are derived from?

A

Allantois

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19
Q

Failure of urachus to obliterate could lead to?

A

Patent urachus, vesicourachal diverticulum (Outpouching of bladder)

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20
Q

Omphalomesenteric duct aka?

A

Vitelline duct

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21
Q

Aortic arch derivatives

A

See page 509

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22
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives?

A

First cleft forms external auditory meatus. Rest are obliterated.

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23
Q

Patient comes in with a persistent cervical sinus. Remnant of?

A

Branchial cleft

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24
Q

Patient with mandibular hypoplasia and facial abnormalities. Cause?

A

Treacher-Collins syndrome. First arch neural crest fails to migrate

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25
Patient with fistula between tonsillar area and cleft in lateral neck
Congenital pharyngeal cutaneous fistula
26
Branchial arch Derivatives?
See page 510
27
Branchial pouch derivatives?
Ear, tonsils, bottom to top | 1, 2, 3-dorsal, 3-ventral, 4
28
Parafollicular cells of thyroid derived from?
Neural Crest. Associates with Fourth and fifth pharyngeal pouches
29
Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes?
Cleft lip
30
Failure of fusion of the lateral Palitine process, the nasal septum, and the median Palitine process
Cleft palate
31
Components needed for male Differentiation?
SRY gene - Testes determining factor Sertoli cells - MIH Leydig cells - Androgens
32
Mullerian duct forms?
Tubes and upper vagina. Does not form Ovaries
33
Mesonephric duct forms?
Seminal vesicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, and ductus deferens
34
Genital tubercle versus urogenital sinus
Forms structures versus forms glands
35
Gubernaculum In male versus female
Anchors testes within scrotum vs forms ovarian ligament and round ligament of uterus
36
Lymphatic drainage of proximal two thirds of the vagina and uterus
Obturator, external iliac, and hypogastric nodes
37
Suspensory ligament of the ovaries connects and contains?
Connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall. Contains ovarian vessels
38
Cardinal ligament contains and connects?
Connects cervix to side of pelvis and contains uterine vessels (Cardinal Connects Cervix)
39
Round ligament of the uterus connects and contains
Uterine fundus to labia majora, artery of Sampson
40
Area of female repro with stratified squamous epithelium
Vagina, ectocervix
41
Area of the female repro with simple columnar epithelium
Endocervix, uterus, fallopian tube
42
Area of female reproductive tract with simple cuboidal epithelium
Ovary
43
Nerves that control erection, emission, and ejaculation
Pelvic nerve, hypogastric nerve, pudendal nerve
44
Sertoli cells secrete?
Inhibin, antigen binding protein.
45
Function of antigen binding protein?
Concentrates sperm in testes
46
What cells of testes are temperature sensitive?
Sertoli cells. Leydig cells are unaffected by temperature
47
Genetic makeup of primary spermocyte, secondary spermocyte, and spermatids?
46;4N 23;2N 23;1N
48
Spermiogenesis?
Haploid immature sperm to mature spermatozoon. Loss of cytoplasmic contents, gain of acrosomal cap
49
Hormone needed to deepen voice
Testosterone
50
Early effects of DHT vs late effects
Differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate. Prostate growth, balding, and sebaceous gland activity
51
Functions of estrogen
Secondary sex characteristics Growth of follicle and endometrium Decrease FSH and LH Increase prolactin in the body and decreases prolactin in the breast
52
Hormone that is an indicator of fetal well-being
Estriol
53
Functions of progesterone
Formation of spiral arteries Maintain pregnancy and secretion Thickens mucus Decreases contractions Inhibits FSH/LH
54
Tanner stages of development
Nothing, boobs, pubes, growth, squirt
55
Phase of menstrual cycle with increase in body temperature
Secretory phase with progesterone
56
Primordial vs primary vs secondary vs Graffian follicle - histo?
Surrounded by flat follicular cells Surrounded by cuboidal follicular cells Layers of follicular cells with antrum Extends through cortex and bulges out
57
Oocytes: MeiosisI arrested in? Meiosis II arrested in?
Prophase I, metaphase II
58
Where does fertilization occur
Upper end of Fallopian tube, the ampulla
59
Beta hCG levels peak at what week? Hormones that continue to rise during pregnancy?
Week 10. Prolactin, progesterone, ACTH (ACTH around week 25)
60
What allows for lactation after pregnancy? What is needed to maintain lactation?
Decrease in progesterone. Suckling (oxytocin and prolactin release)
61
Changes in menopause
``` HHAVOC Hirsutism Hot flashes Atrophy of the vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease ```
62
Maternal diabetes effect on fetus?
Insulin does not cross placenta. Glucose crosses placenta causes hyperplasia of islet cells. Leads to transient hyperglycemia of newborn.

2nd Time Through (23 decks)

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