Endocrine Anatomy Lecture Powerpoint

Question 1

List the major endocrine organs (9)

Answer 1

• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• pineal gland
• thyroid gland
• parathyroid gland
• thymus
• adrenal glands
• pancreas
• gonads

Question 2

Hypothalamus

Answer 2

Endocrine organ that forms floor and walls of third ventricle in brain, regulates primitave functions thru homeostasis via autonomic nervous system and thru hormones

Question 3

Pituitary gland/hypophysis

Answer 3

Suspended below hypothalamus by stalk (infundibulum) seated in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone, anteriorally is epithelial tissue posterior is nervous tissue extension of hypothalamus (can release hormones immediately), often called the master gland of the body

Question 4

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (include the pathway)

Answer 4

A microcirculation of blood vessels at the base of the brain connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to quickly transport hormones thru fenestrated capillaries bypassing the blood brain barrier easily
Follows pathway of superior hypophyseal artery entering into the hypothalamus, exchanging in a capillary bed that then travels down the infundibulum to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary before returning to venous circulation

Question 5

2 hormones released by posterior pituitary, where are these hormones developed?

Answer 5

Oxytocin, ADH, developed in the hypothalamus nuclei

Question 6

Which hormones are released by anterior pituitary (7)

Answer 6

-ACTH
-TSH
-LH
FSH
-PRL
-GH
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 7

ACTH function

Answer 7

Acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate cortisol release

Question 8

TSH function

Answer 8

Acts on thyroid gland to stimulate T3/T4 release

Question 9

LH FSH function

Answer 9

Act on the ovaries and testes

Question 10

PRL function

Answer 10

Promote milk production in the mammary glands

Question 11

MSH function

Answer 11

Stimulate melanocyte activity

Question 12

Oxytocin function

Answer 12

Stimulates smooth muscle contraction in different areas of the body

Question 13

ADH function

Answer 13

Acts to increase resoroption of fluid by the kidney

Question 14

GH function

Answer 14

Promotes tissue growth indirectly by acting on the liver causing liver to release IGF-1 and according to Anna Mae also increase protein synthesis at muscle

Question 15

IGF-1

Answer 15

Released from liver in response to GH release, acting to facilitate portein synthesis of muscle and other tissues

Question 16

What increases IGF-1 production from liver

Answer 16

Protein, exercise, sleep

Question 17

What decreasees IGF-1 production from liver

Answer 17

Insulin, stress, estrogen

Question 18

When is GH levels high and low?

Answer 18

High after deep sleep, high protein meals, vigorous exercise, low after carb heavy measl

Question 19

Pineal gland

Answer 19

Located deep within the brain, peak secretion occurs within first 5 years of life, produces seratonin during day and melatonin at night

Question 20

Thyroid gland

Answer 20

Largest endocrine gland with high rate of blood flow, releases T3/T4, has recurrent blood flow from different vascular portions of the body

Question 21

Thyroid ima artery

Answer 21

Uncommon variant of blood supply to inferior aspect of thyroid (alongside inferior and superior thyroid arteries), arising from either brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid, aortic arch, or internal thoracic artery, can be dangerous during surgery

Question 22

Accessory inferior thyroid artery

Answer 22

The name the thyroid ima artery takes on upon arising from the sublcavian artery directly as a variation opposed to other locations

Question 23

Superior thyroid artery

Answer 23

Derived from external carotid to supply the thyroid gland

Question 24

Inferior thyroid artery

Answer 24

Derived from the thyrocervical trunk off the subclavian arteries to supply the thyroid

Question 25

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve runs under the....

Answer 25

...right subclavian artery

Question 26

C cells of thyroid gland

Answer 26

Function to release calcitonin to decrease Ca2+ in blood stream

Question 27

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

Answer 27

Function to release pth to increase blood Ca2+ levels and by increasing bone resorption (inhibition of osteoclasts), decreasing urinary excretion, and increasing GI absorption

Question 28

Vitamin D

Answer 28

Fat soluble vitamin produced from skin during exposure to sunlight, modified in liver and kidney, and acts as a cofactor for ca2+ absorption in the gut

Question 29

3 layers of adrenal gland cortex (outside to in)

Answer 29

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis

Question 30

Adrenal gland medulla secretes what hormones?

Answer 30

Epi and norepi

Question 31

Inferior phrenic arteries (derived from, pathway, empty into)

Answer 31

Derived from: abdominal aorta Travel from above celliac trunk artery laterally to give rise to many other vessels Empty into suprarenal arteries to supply adrenal glands

Question 32

Suprarenal arteries (derived from and supply)

Answer 32

Derived from: inferior phrenic arteries | Supply the adrenal glands

Question 33

Zona reticularis hormones

Answer 33

DHEA, pregnenalone, progesterone, estrogen, testosterones, androsterone

Question 34

Zona fasciulata hormone

Answer 34

Cortisol

Question 35

Zona glomerulosa hormone

Answer 35

Aldosterone

Question 36

Cortisol function

Answer 36

Gluconeogenesis, increase appetite, mobilize fat stores, protein break down, inhibits immune system

Question 37

RAAS system pathway

Answer 37

- Liver releases inactive angiotensiongen to blood stream - Kidney releases renin in response to decreased renal perfusion, acting on angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I - Lungs containing ACE convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II - Angiotensin II acts as a potent vasoconstrictor - Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex - Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and water follows

Question 38

Pancreas

Answer 38

Retroperitoneal, inferior and dorsal to stomach organ with both exocrine and endocrine features, has B cells that secrete insulin into blood stream, and a cells that secrete glucagon

Question 39

Celiac trunk artery (derived from, pahtway, empties into)

Answer 39

Derived from: abdominal aorta Travels anteriorally with 3 branches coming off, Empties into left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and splenic artery

Question 40

Splenic artery (derived from, travels to)

Answer 40

Derived from: celiac trunk artery | Empties into spleen after giving off branches of dorsal and transverse pancreatic arteries

Question 41

Hepatic artery (derived from, travels to)

Answer 41

Derived from: celiac trunk artery | Empties into liver giving rise to anterior, posteior and superior pancreaticduodenal arteries along the way

Question 42

Arteries that supply the pancreas

Answer 42

Dorsal pancreatic, transverse pancreatic, anterior postioer and superior pancreaticduodenal arteries

Question 43

Sphincter of Oddi

Answer 43

Opening of pancreatic duct into duodenum

Question 44

Pancreatic delta and F cells

Answer 44

Delta - release somatostatin antagonistic to GH and inhibit insulin release F - Inhibit somatostatin function (indirectly increasing insulin)

Question 45

FSH and LH function in testes

Answer 45

FSH go to sertoli and promote spermatogenesis | LH go to ledyig cells that synthesize testosterone

Question 46

FSH and LH function in ovaries

Answer 46

LH goes to theca cells to promote testosterone secretion (to be converted to estrogen by granulosa cells) FSH stimulates maturation of granulosa cells