Intro to Neuroanatomy Lecture powerpoint Flashcards

fuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuckfuck

1
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Portions of the nervous system not covered by the udra mater, including cranial nerves (except CNII) and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary portion of PNS that interacts with skeletal muscles (efferent) and sense organs (afferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary portion of PNS that interacts with smooth/cardiac muscle, organs, and glands, and can sometimes be overridden, includes sympathetic, enteric, and parasympathetic fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Frontoal lobe

A

Most anterior protruding portion of brain, allows for higher mental functioning, planning and decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Most superior protruding portion of the brain that receives sensory input and initiates motor movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Most lateral portion of brain that helps with memory, speech, and hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Posterior most portion of the brain that helps with vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Inferio-posterior lobe of the brain that functions to assist with coordinaiton and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Bridge between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? What other nerves exit out of the brain or brainstem?

A

31, cranial nerves except for II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

C1-7 nerve exits ___ the c1-7 corresponding vertebra

A

above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

C8 nerve exits ____ the c7 vertebra

A

below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T1 nerve exits ___ the T1 vertebra

A

below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

of each type of vertebrae?

A
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacra
1 coccygeal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spinal/dorsal root ganglion

A

Groups of cell bodies that are entering the spinal cord at the corresponding level located along the spinal column, as well as sensory axons traveling in to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intervertebral disk

A

Located between each vertebrae acting as shock absorption and support for the twisting of the spine, houses annulus fibrois and nucleus pulposis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Annulus fibrosis

A

The outer ring of the intervertebral disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nucleus pulposis

A

The inner ring of the intervertebral disk, can project out posteriolaterally beyond the annulus fibros and cause impingement of spinal nerves (called a herniated disk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Grey matter of spinal cord

A

The middle butterfly of the spinal cord, contains neuron cell bodies and vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

White matter of the spinal cord

A

The outer area of the spinal cord, white color is from myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Efferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function

A

ventral or anteriorally, motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Afferent nerve roots tend to come off ____ side of the spinal cord, and provide ___ function

A

Dorsal or posteriorally, sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Components of the lower brain

A

Basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary, pons, medulla, cerebellum

24
Q

Lower brain controls….

A

…arterial pressure, respiration, heart rate, emotion and pleasure

25
Even with upper brain death, the lower brain can still facilitate ___. This brings up the ethics question of when we consider brain death, for example when do we define it in the US?
Emotion, we define it as whole brain death
26
Spinal cord
Conduit for signals to and from peripheral nerves, allows for interaction between brain and body, can regulate some things at the spinal cord level such as reflexes of vascular, GI, and urinary secretion
27
Plexuses of the body
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, areas where nerves combine and rearrange to form new nerves
28
Challenge resulting from extreme lengths of neurons
- If damaged higher up, then much further downstream structures are affected - need constant supply of oxygen and sugar - Limited number that do NOT regenerate
29
Afferent neuron
Conducts signal toward CNS, sensory to communicate stimuli
30
Efferent neuron
Conducts signal away from CNS, effector to organs of the body
31
3 caegories of effectors in the body from an efferent neuron
1) skeleetal muscle 2) smooth msucle 3) secretion of exocrine and endocrine glands
32
Soma
Cell body of a neuron, contains nucleus and processes incoming signals from dendrites and outgoing signals to axons at the same time
33
Schwann cells
Surround the axons of neurons in the PNS allowing for insulation of conduction of a signal
34
Synapse
Small gap where a nerve cell transmits signals from its terminal axon to another cell or tissue, neurotransmitters released into these spaces facilitate the response
35
4 ways drugs can effect neurotransmitters at the synapse
1) decrease amount of neurotransmitter present to be released 2) decrease amount of neurotransmitter released into synapse 3) act on enzymes in synapse to prevent degradation of those neurotransmitters 4) block neurotransmitter attachment to receptor
36
Interneurons
Neurons that lie entirely within the CNS and have an integrative function by processing information and directing appropriate location of that information, often lie between sensory and motor pathways of the reflex arc within the spinal cord
37
3 different kidns of white matter tracks
1) projection - higher and lower levels 2) commissural - between right and left cerebrum 3) association - connect different regions within the same hemisphere of the brain
38
4 main classes of neurotransmitters
1) amines 2) monoamines 3) amino acids 4) neuropeptides
39
Example of amine neurotransmitter
Acetycholine
40
exame of monoamines neurotransmitters
Catecholamines such as epi/norepi/dopamine, seratonin
41
Example of amino acid neurotransmitters
GABA, glycine, glutamate
42
Examples of neuropeptide neurotransmitters
Substance F, B endorphin, ACTH, oxytocin
43
Acetycholine: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: amine general features: excitatory skeletal muscle, inhibitory cardiac muscle Diseases associated with: alzheimer's, myasthenia gravis
44
Epi and norepi: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: monoamine general features: excitatory sympathetic nervous system Diseases associated with: anxiety, ADHD
45
Dopamine: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: monoamine general features: generally inhibitory associated with voluntary movmeents and reward system Disease associated with: parkinson's, schizophrenia
46
Seratonin: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: monoamine General features: inhibitory, associated with pain, wakefulness, eating Diseases associated with: depression, suicide, ocd
47
GABA: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: amino acid General features: inhibitory, slowdown neuron to prevent over excitation Diseases associated with: anxiety
48
Glutamate: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: amino acid General features: excitatory in brain and CNS Diseases: ALS
49
Endorphin B: type, general features, disease associated with
Type: neuropeptide General features: inhibitory, resembles opium, morphine, and heroin Disease: hibernation?
50
Central sulcus
Invagination of superor brain that divides the frontal and parietal lobe, connects precentral an dpostcentral gyri
51
Precentral gyrus
Located just anterior to the central sulcus, contains motor function
52
Postcentral gyrus
Located just posterior to the central sulcus, contains sensory function
53
Spinothalmic tract
Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with pain, temp, and crude touch, crosses over at the level it enters the spine and travels up the contralateral side to that corresponding hemisphere of the brain
54
Posterior column
Portion of the afferent spinal tract that deals with position and fine touch, enters the spine and travels up the ipsalateral side crossing over at the medulla to the contralateral side that coresponding hemisphere of the brain
55
Motor tract
Efferent spinal tract that initiates effector function, leaves from the brain and crosses to the ipsalateral side at the medulla to the contralateral side of the corresponding spinal cord before traveing inferiorally to its exit