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NPTE Other Systems > Endocrine and Metabolic Systems > Flashcards

Endocrine and Metabolic Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothalamus controls release of

A

pituitary hormones - CRH, TRH, GHRH, somatostatin

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2
Q

Anterior pituitary gland controls release of

A

GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin

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3
Q

Posterior pituitary gland controls release of

A

ADH and oxytocin

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4
Q

Adrenal cortex controls release of

A

mineral corticosteroids (aldosterone)
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
adrenal adrogens (DHEA)
androstenedione

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5
Q

The adrenal medulla controls release of

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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6
Q

The thyroid controls release of

A

triiodothyronin and thyroxine

Thyroid C cells control release of calcitonin

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7
Q

Parathyroid glands control release of

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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8
Q

Pancreatic islet cells control release of

A

insulin, glucagons, somatostatin

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9
Q

Kindey control release of

A

I,25 dihydroxy vit D

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10
Q

Ovaries control release of

A

estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

Tested control release of

A

androgens (testosterone)

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12
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Amylin
Somatostatin

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13
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - Insulin

A

allows uptake of glucose from blood stream
suppresses hepatic glucose production, lowering plasma glucose levels
secreted by the beta cells

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14
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - glucagon

A

stimulates hempatic glucose production to raise glucose levels, especially in fasting state
secreted by the alpha cells

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15
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - amylin

A

modulates rate of nutrient delivery (gastric emptying)
suppresses release of glucagon
secreted by the beta cells

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16
Q

Hormones released by islets of langerhans in pancreas - somatostatin

A

acts locally to depress secretion of both insulin and glycogen
decreases motility of stomach, duodenum, gallbladder,
decreases secretion and absorption of GI tract
secreted by the delta cells

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17
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - is what

A

a cluster of risk factors that increase the liklihood of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

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18
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - criteria for diagnosis

A 
Abdominal obesity 
High cholesterol
Low HDL cholesterol
High BP (135 or higher sys, 85 or higher diast)
Fasting blood sugar 100 or higher
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19
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - etiology

A

no one cause

unhealthy lifestyle with diet high in fats may contribute

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20
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - incidence

A

1 in 4 individuals
more common in older adults and individuals prone to blood clots and inflammation
might run in families

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21
Q

Metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) - Treatment

A

manage risk factors

Lifestyle modifications and meds

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22
Q

Diabetes Mellitus is what

A

A complex disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by deficiency or absence of insulin secretion by the beta cells of the pancreas or by defects of the insulin receptors
Causes abnormally high level of sugar or glucose in the blood

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23
Q

Type 1 DM

A

AKA insulin dependent, juvenile onset diabetes

Affects about 1% of population and 10% of all with diabetes

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24
Q

Type 1 DM - characteristics

A

Dec size and number of islet cells - deficiency in insulin secretion
Usually in children and young adults

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25
Etiology type 1 DM
caused by autoimmune abnormalities, genetic causes, or environmental causes
26
Type 1 DM - insulin ___
dependent - requires insulin delivery by injection, insulin pump, or inhalation
27
Type 1 DM - prone to ____
ketoacidosis - presence of ketone bodies in the urine, the by products of fat metabolism (ketonuria)
28
Type 2 DM results from
inadequate utilization of insulin (insulin resistance) and progressive beta cell dysfunction AKA non-insulin dependent or adult onset diabetes 90-95% of cases
29
Type 2 DM characteristics
Gradual onset Usually not insulin dependent Not prone to ketoacidosis
30
Type 2 DM etiologu
caused by combination of factors insulin resistance in mm and adipose tissue progressive decline in pancreatic insulin production excessive hepatic glucose production inappropriate glucagon secretion
31
Type 2 DM risk factors
``` linked to obesity and older adults obese children family hx unhealthy eating lack of physical activiy ```
32
Secondary diabetes
associated with other conditions - endocrine disease, drugs, chemical agents
33
Gestational DM
glucose intolerance associated with pregnancy most likely in third trimester affects 4% of pregnancies
34
Prediabetes
impared glucose tolerance with abnormal response to oral glucose test 10-15% of individuals will convert to type 2 DM within 10 years
35
Classic signs of DM
``` Elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia) Elevated sugar in urine (glycosuria) Excessive excretion of urine (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia), dry mouth Excessive hunger (polyphagia) Unexplained weight loss Fatigue Blurred vision HA ```
36
Complications with DM
Microvascular disease (retinopathy, renal, polyneuropathy) Macrovascular disease (dyslipidemia, CVA, MI, PAD) Integumentary impairmens Musculoskeletal impairments - inc adhesive cap and OP Neuro (diabetic polyneuropathy, diabetic autonomic polyneuropathy) Kidney, vision, liver impairments
37
Diagnositc criteria for DM
1 symptoms plus casual plasma glucose concentration greater than or equal to 200 Casual meaning nonfasting and without regard to last meal 2 fasting greater than or equal to 126 3 two hour post load glucose greater than or equal to 200 with oral glucose tolerance test
38
DM - PT - benefit of regular exercise
improved glucose tolerance increased insulin sensitivity decreased glycosylated hemoglobin decreased insulin requirements
39
DM - PT - exercise rx
50-80% vo2 max 3-7 days/wk 2-3 sets, 8-12 reps with 60-80% 1 rep max
40
DM - PT - exercise precautions - RED FLAGS
Monitor glucose levels prior and following exercise Observe for s/s of hypoglycemia Do not exercise when have hyperglycemia Do not exercise without eating at least 2 hrs beforehand Do not exercise without adequate hydration Do not exercise alone Do not inject into exercising muscles
41
Hypoglycemia defined as
below 70 or rapid drop in glucose - onset is rapid | pale, shacking, sweating, hungry, tachycardic, feel faint
42
Hypoglycemia - what to do
if awake - give sugar (juice, candy bar, glucose tablets, gel if not awake - medical attention - need injection
43
Hyperglycemia is defined as
over 300 gradual onset weak, inc thirst, dec appetite, n/v, flushed, pulse is rapid and weak
44
Hyperglycemia - what to do
medical attention
45
Obesity - BMI is calculated how
by dividing and individuals weight in kg by the square of the perons height in meters
46
Overweight - BMI - defined how
25 to 29.9
47
Obesity - BMI - defined how
greater than or equal to 30
48
Morbid obesity - BMI - defined how
Over 40
49
Obesity - measurement with skin calipers - what is considered excess body fat
more than 1 inch
50
Obesity - RED FLAGS
CP compromise Altered biomechanics of joints Inc risk of skin breakdown Inc heat intolerance
51
Thyroid disorders - Hypo
Decreased activity of the thyroid gland with deficient thyroid secretion Slowed metabolic processes
52
Thyroid disorders - Hypo - Etiology
dec thyroid releasing hormone secreted by the hypothalamus or by the pituitary gland, atrophy of the thyroid gland, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, over dosage with antithyroid med
53
Thyroid disorders - Hypo - s/s
weight gain, lethargy, dry skin and hair, low BP, constipation, intolerance to cold, goiter
54
Thyroid disorders - Hypo - if untreated can lead to
myxedema (severe hypothyroidism) with symptoms of swelling in hands, feet, face Can lead to coma and death
55
Thyroid disorders - Hypo - PT RED FLAGS
can lead to exercise intolderance, weakness, apathy, exercise induced myalgia, reduced CO
56
Thyroid disorders - Hyper
hyperactivity of the thyroid gland Unknown etiology metabolic processes are accelerated
57
Thyroid disorders - Hyper - s/s
nervousness, hyperreflexia, tremor, hunger, weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, palpitations, tachycardia, diarrhea
58
Thyroid disorders - Hyper - PT RED FLAG
can lead to exercise intolerance, fatigue associated with hypermetabolic state
59
Adrenal disorders - primary adrenal insufficieny (Addisons)
Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function | Results in decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone
60
Adrenal disorders - primary adrenal insufficieny (Addisons) - etiologu
autoimmune processes, infection, neorplasm, hemorrhage
61
Adrenal disorders - primary adrenal insufficieny (Addisons) - s/s
``` inc bronze pigmentation of skin weak, dec endurance anorexia, dehyrdrated, weight loss, GI issues Anxxiety, dep Dec tolerance to cold Intolerance to stress ```
62
Adrenal disorders - secondary adrenal insufficiency
can result from prolonged steroid therapy (ACTH) | Rapid withdrawal of the drugs and hypothalamic or pituitary tumors
63
Adrenal disorders - Cushing's syndrome
Metabolic disorder resulting from chronic and excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
64
Adrenal disorders - Cushings - etilogy
most commonly from pituitary tumor with increased secretion of ACTH
65
Adrenal disorders - Cushings - s/s
``` Dec glucose tolerance Round mood face Obesity Dec testosterone or dec menstrual periods Muscular atrophy edema hypokalemia emotionla changes ```

NPTE Other Systems (10 decks)

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