Immune System

Question 1

Types of immune cells - Antigen (immunogen)

Answer 1

a foreign molecule that elicits the immune response

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins that are engaged to tag antigens

Question 2

Types of immune cells - Lymphocytes (T and B)

Answer 2

primary cells of the immune system

Question 3

Types of immune cells - Macrophages

Answer 3

Accessory cells that process and present antigens to the lymphocytes

Question 4

Types of immune cells - Cytokines

Answer 4

molecules that link immune cells with other tissues and organs

Question 5

Types of immune cells - CD molecules

Answer 5

Serve as master regulators of the immune response by influencing the function of all other immune cells

Question 6

Types of immune cells - Recognition of self from foreign threat is mediated by

Answer 6

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) membrane molecules

Question 7

Primary central gland of immune system

Location of it

Answer 7

thymus

Located behind the sternum above the heart and extends into the neck region to the lower edge of the thyroid gland

Question 8

Thymus - size

Answer 8

fully developed at birth and reaches max size at puberty
then dec in size and slowly replaced by adipose tissue
It produces mature T lymphocytes

Question 9

Lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells are formed

Answer 9

in lymph nodes

Question 10

Spleen functions to

Answer 10

filter antigens from the blood and produce leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in response to infection

Question 11

The immune response is

Answer 11

a coordinated response of the body’s cells and molecules that provides protection from infectious disease and foreign substances
Also defends against abnormal cells produced by the body

Question 12

Primary immunodeficient disorders result from a defect in

Answer 12

T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues

Question 13

Secondary immunodeficient disorders are caused by

Answer 13

underlying pathology or tx that depresses the immune system resulting in failure of the immune response

Question 14

Autoimmune diseases characterized by

Answer 14

immune system responses directed against the body’s normal tissues
self destructive processes impair body function

Question 15

HIV and AIDS - Pathophys

Answer 15

Reduction of CD4 helper T cells resulting in CD4 T lymphocytopenia - major defect in immune system
A retrovirus - replicates in reverse fashion, the RNA code is transcribed into DNA

Question 16

HIV and AIDS - Stages of HIV - Stage 1

Answer 16

Acute HIV infection

Flu like illness within 2 to 4 wks after infection

Question 17

HIV and AIDS -Stages of HIV - Stage 2

Answer 17

Clinical latency
Asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic HIV infection
Can last a decade or longer

Question 18

HIV and AIDS - Stages of HIV - Stage 3

Answer 18

AIDS
the most severe phase
over time HIV destroys so many cells that the body cannot fight off infections and disease resulting in opportunistic illnesses

Question 19

HIV and AIDS - Transmission

Answer 19

Through contact with certain body fluids from a person who has HIV
Fluid must come in contact with a mucous membrane, damaged tissue, or be directly injected into the blood stream

Question 20

HIV and AIDS - High risk bx for HIV transmission

Answer 20

Unprotected anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV
Sharing needles or syringes or other injection equipment with someone who has HIV
Can be spread from mother to child with pregnancy, birth, or breast feeding

Question 21

HIV and AIDS - HIV is NOT spread by

Answer 21

saliva, tears, sweat that is not mixed with the blood of an HIV positive person

Question 22

HIV and AIDS - AIDS cannot be contacted through

Answer 22

respiratory inhalation, skin contact, or human waste

Question 23

HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of HIV requires

Answer 23

positive results from two HIV tests

Question 24

HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of HIV -

Answer 24

CD4 cell count 500-1200 cells/mm
Testing with HIV1/HIV2 antigen/antibody combination immunoassays
Med eval and lab eval including plasma HIV load, blood cell and CD4 count, antiretroviral assa, drug resistance testing, and STD testing

Question 25

HIV and AIDS - Diagnosis of AIDS

Answer 25

CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm | AIDS related complex (ARC) - presence of acute sx secondary to immune deficiency

Question 26

HIV and AIDS - HIV symptoms

Answer 26

flu like symptoms

Question 27

HIV and AIDS - AIDS symptoms

Answer 27

exhibit some or all of HIV symptoms along with signs of failure to thrive

Question 28

HIV and AIDS - RED FLAGS

Answer 28

common adverse effects of ART include rash, nausea and vomit, diarrhea, HA, dizziness, fatigue and pain

Question 29

HIV and AIDS - PT

Answer 29

Exercise has positive effect on immune system | Moderate exercise program is recommended

Question 30

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) is what

Answer 30

a complex chronic syndrome characterized by whelming fatigue

Question 31

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - pathophys

Answer 31

immunological abnormalities present neuroendocrine changes etiology is unknown

Question 32

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis

Answer 32

done by exclusion | Must have two of the major criteria and 4 or more of the 8 symptoms

Question 33

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis - 2 required major criteria

Answer 33

New onset of persistent or relapsing fatigue - must be present for at least 6 months - does not resolve with bed rest and reduced daily activity by at least 50% Exclusion of other chronic conditions

Question 34

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - diagnosis - symptoms

Answer 34

NEED AT LEAST 4 Profound, prolonged fatigue - post exertional malaise lasting more than 24 hours Sore throat that is recurring and frequent Tender lymph nodes Muscle pain Sleep that is not refreshing HA of new type, pattern, or severity Multijoint pain without swelling or redness Significant impairments of short term memory or concentration

Question 35

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - most common inwho

Answer 35

women and men in younger ages (20s and 30s)

Question 36

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) - PT goals

Answer 36

``` reduce activity when fatigue is maximal bedrest contraindicated except for sleep exercise rec: aerobic (low to mod intensity, 40-60 min, 3-5 days/wk) maintain flexibility maintain or improve mm strength maintain function ```

Question 37

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) is what

Answer 37

a disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue with sleep, memory, and mood disturbances

Question 38

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - pathophys

Answer 38

Unknown etiology | Immunological and neurohormonal abnormalities

Question 39

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - characteristics

Answer 39

Myalgia Generalized aching, persistent fatigue Sleep disturbances - morning stiffness Multiple tender points

Question 40

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - medical management - diagnosis requires

Answer 40

two criteria required for diagnosis | Widespread pain lasting at least 3 months and presence of 11 positive trigger points out of 18

Question 41

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) - PT goals

Answer 41

Daily exercise with focus on aerobic training | mild to mod intensity, 20-30 min progressing to 30-40 2 times/wk