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NPTE Other Systems > Gastrointestinal System > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

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1
Q

The GI tract is what

A

a long hollow tube extending from the mouth to the anus
Ingested foods and fluids are broken down into molecules that are absorbed and used by the body while waste products are eliminated

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2
Q

The upper GI tract consists of

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Functions for ingestion and initial digestion of food

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3
Q

The middle GI tract consists of

A 
Small intestine (DJ ileum)
Major digestive and absorption processes occur here
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4
Q

The lwoer GI tract consists of

A 
Large intesting (cecum, colon, rectum)
Primary func of absorption of water and electrolytes, storage and elimination of waste products
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5
Q

Accessory organs aid in and include what

A

Aid in digestion by producing digestive secretions

Include salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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6
Q

Major GI hormones include

A

Cholecystokinin
Gastrin
Secretin

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7
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - nausea is what

A

unpleasant sensation that signals stimulation of medullary vomiting center and often preceeds vomitting
Vomiting is the forceful oral expulsion of abdominal contents

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8
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - Diarrhea

A

passage of frequent, watery, unformed stools

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9
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - Constipation

A

A decrease in normal elimination with excessively hard, dry stools, and difficult elimination

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10
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - Obstipation

A

intractable constipation with resulting fecal impaction, the retention of hard dry stools in the rectum and colon
Impaction can cause partial or complete bowel obstruction

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11
Q

RED FLAGS - constipation can cause

A

abdominal pain and tenderness in anterior hip, groin or thigh regions

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12
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - anorexia

A

loss of appetite with inability to eat

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13
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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14
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - achalasia

A

the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax and food is trapped in esophagus

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15
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - heart burn

A

painful burning sensation felt in esophagus in midepigastric area behind sternum or throat

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16
Q

S/S common to many GI disorders - abdominal pain

A

result of inflammation, ischemia, and mechanical stretching

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17
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Visceral pain from esophagus can refer to

A

midback

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18
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Midthoracic spine pain (nerve root pain) can appear as

A

esophageal pain

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19
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Visceral pain from liver, diaphragm, or pericardium can refer to

A

shoulder

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20
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns – Visceral pain from gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, or SI can refer to the

A

midback and scapular regions

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21
Q

RED FLAGS - referred GI pain patterns - Visceral pain from colon, appendix, or pelvic viscera can refer to

A

pelvis, low back, or sacrum

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22
Q

GI bleeding (appearing in vomit or feces) can be result of

A

erosive gastritis
peptic ulcers
prolonged use of NSAIDs
chronic alcohol use

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23
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is caused by

A

reflux or backward moveemnt of gastric contents of the stomach into the esophagus producing heartburn

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24
Q

Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - results from

A

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to refulate flow of food from the esophagus into the stomach and icnreased gastric pressure

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25
Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - RED FLAGS
Atypical pain may present as head and neck pain Chest pain is sometimes mistaken for heart attack Resp symptoms can occur
26
Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - complications
strictures and Barrett's esophagus (a precancerous state)
27
Esophagus - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - PT interventions
Positional changes from full supine to more upright Valsalva - CONTRAINDICATED Lifestyle modifications - sleep with head elevated, avoid large meals
28
Esophagus - Hiatal hernia is what
Protrusion of the stomach upward through the diaphragm (rolling hiatal hernia) or displacement of both the stomach and gastroesophageal junction upward into the thorax (sliding hiatal hernia)
29
Esophagus - hiatal hernia symptoms
heartburn from GERD
30
Stomach - Gastritis is what
Inflammation of the stomach mucosa | Can be acute or chronic
31
Stomach - Gastritis - acute gastritis is caused by
severe burns, aspirin or other NSAIDs, corticosteroids, food allergies, or viral or bacterial infections
32
Stomach - Gastritis - symptoms
anorexia n/v pain
33
Stomach - Gastritis - Chronic gastritis occurs with
certain diseases like peptic ulcer, bacterial infection caused by helicobacter pylori, stomach cancer, pernicious anemia, or autoimmune disorders
34
Stomach - Gastritis - RED FLAGS
Pt taking NSAIDs long term need to be monitored for stomach pain, bleeding, n/v
35
Stomach - peptic ulcer disease refers to
ulcerative lesions that occur in the upper GI tract in areas exposed to acid-pepsin secretions Can affect one or all layers of stomach or duodenum
36
Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - caused by
``` number of factors bacterial infection (H pylori) Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin and NSAIDs) Excessive secretion of gastric acids Stress Hereditary ```
37
Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - symptoms
``` Epigastric pain (gnawing, burning, cramp like) Aggravated by change in position and absence of food in stomach Relieved by food or antacids ```
38
Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - complications
Hemorrhage
39
Stomach - peptic ulcer disease - RED FLAGS
Pain from peptic ulcers located on post wall of stomach can present as radiating back pain Pain can also radiate to right shoulder
40
Intestines - malabsorption syndrome is what
a complex of disorders characterized by problems in intestinal absorption of nutrients
41
Intestines - malabsorption syndrome - can be caused by
gastric or small bowel resection or different diseases like CF, celiac, Crohns, pancreatitis, pernicious anemia
42
Intestines - malabsorption syndrome - symptosm
``` anorexia weight loss abdominal bloating pain and cramps indigestion steatorrhea (abnormal amount of fat in feces) ```
43
Intestines - malabsorption syndrome - RED FLAGS
``` iron deficiency anemia Easy bruising from lack of Vit K MM weakness and fatigue Bone loss, pain, predisposition to fx Neuropathy including tetany Mm spasms peripheral edema ```
44
Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is what
refers to two related chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders - Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis (UC) Both result in inflammation of the bowel and are characterized by remissions and exacerbations
45
Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Symptoms
abdominal pain frequent attacks of dirrhea decal urgency weight loss
46
Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - RED FLAGS
Joint pain and skin rashes can occur - pain can be referred to low back Complications - low bone density and fracture risk Can lead to anxiety and depression
47
Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Crohn's disease involves
a granulomatous type of inflammation that can occur anywhere along the GI tract Areas of adjacent normal tissue called skip lesions are present
48
Intestines - Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - Ulcerative colitis involves
an ulcerative exudative inflammation of the large intestine and rectum Characterized by varying amounts of bloody diarrhea, mucus, and pus Skip lesions are absent
49
Intestines - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by
abnormally increased motility of the small and large intestines AKA spastic, nervous, or irritable colon
50
Intestines - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Associated with
emotional stress and certain foods | No structural or biochemical abnormalities have been identified
51
Intestines - Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - symptoms
persistent or recurrent abdominal pain that is relieved by defecation Pt may experience constipation or diarrhea, bloating, abdominal cramps, flatulence, nausea, and anorexia
52
Intestines - Diverticular disease is characterized by what
pouch like herniations (diverticula) of the mucosal layer of the colon through the muscularis layer
53
Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulosis refers to
pouch like herniations of the colon, especially the sigmoid colon Diverticulosis can lead to diverticulitis
54
Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis refers to
inflammation of one or more diverticula - fecal matter penetrates diverticula and causes inflammation and abscess
55
Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis - symptoms
pain and cramping in left lower quadrant, n/v, slight fever, elevated WBC
56
Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis - complications
bowel obstruction, performation with peritonitis, hemorrhage
57
Intestines - Diverticular disease - Diverticulitis RED FLAGS
pt may complain of back pain
58
Intestines - appendicitis is what
an inflammation of the veriform appendix As condition progresses, appendix becomes swollen, gangrenous, and perforated Perforation can be life threatening and lead to development of peritonitis
59
Intestines - appendicitis - s/s
``` pain is abrupt at onset - localized to epigastric or periumbilical area, and inc in intensity overtime Rebound tenderness (blumberg's sign) is present in response to depression of the abdominal wall Point tenderness at McBurney's point (1.5-2 in above ASIS in righ tlower quadrant ```
60
Intestines - appendicitis - RED FLAGS
Immediate med attention is required | Elevations in WBC (over 20,000) are indicative of perforation
61
Intestines - Peritonitis is what
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane lining the walls of the abdominal cavitiy
62
Intestines - Peritonitis - results from
bacterial invasion and infection of the peritoneum
63
Intestines - Peritonitis - symptooms
``` abdominal distension severe abdominal pain rigidity from reflex guarding rebound tenderness n/s dec or absent bowel sounds tachycardia might see elevated WBC, fever, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension ```
64
Intestines - Peritonitis - can lead to
toxemia and shock, circulatory failure and resp distress
65
Rectum - rectal fissure is what
a tear or ulceration of the lining of the anal canal | constipation and large, hard stools are contributing factors
66
Rectum - hemorrhoids (piles) are what
Varicosities in the lower rectum or anus caused by congestion of the veins in the hemorrhoidal plexus

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