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NPTE Other Systems > Renal and Urological Systems > Flashcards

Renal and Urological Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys are located

A

outside peritoneal cavity in post upper abdomen on each side of vertebral column at level T12 to L2

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2
Q

The renal pelvis is what

A

a wide, funnel shaped structure at the upper end of the urethra that drains the kidney into the lower urinary tract (bladder and urethra)

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3
Q

Bladder is

A

membranous sac that collects urine

located behind symphysis pubis

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4
Q

Ureter extends from

A

renal pelvis to bladder and moves urine via peristaltic action

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5
Q

Urethra extends from

A

bladder to an external orifice for elimination of urine from the body

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6
Q

Function of kidneys

A 
Regulate composition and pH of body fluids 
Controls mineral and water balance
Eliminates metabolic waste
Assists in BP regulation 
Contributes to bone metabolic function 
Controls production of RBCs
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7
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is what

A

the amount of filtrate that is formed each minute as blood moves through the glomeruli and serves as an important gauge of renal function

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8
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is regulated by

A

arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow

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9
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is measured clinically by

A

obtaining creatinine levels in blood and urine samples

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10
Q

Normal creatinine is

A

115-125

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11
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is what

A

urea produced in the liver as a by-product of protein metabolism that is eliminated by the kidneys

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12
Q

BUN levels are elevated with

A

increase protein intake, GI bleeding, dehydration

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13
Q

Normal values for urinanalysis

A

Yellow amber color
pH 4.6-8 (should be acid)
0-8 protein
0 sugar

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14
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - homeostasis is regulated through

A

thirst mechanisms and renal function via circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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15
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - fluid imbalances - causes for edema

A

inc capillary pressure
dec colloidal osmotic pressure
inc capillary permeability
obstruction of lymphatic flow

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16
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Potassium - normal serum level

A

3.5-5.5

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17
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - K - Hypo causes

A

deficient K or excessive loss due to diarrhea, vomit
metabolic acidosis
renal tubular disease
alkalosis

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18
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - K - hypo observe for

A

mm weakness, aches, fatigue, cardiac arrythmias, abdominal distention, n/v

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19
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - K - hyper causes

A 
inadequate secretion with acute renal failure
kidney disease
metabolic acidodis
diabetic ketoacidosis
sickle cell anemia
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20
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Na - Hypo causes

A

water intoxication associated with excess intake or excess ADH

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21
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Na - Hypo - observe for

A 
confusion
dec mental alertness
signs of inc intracerebral pressure
poor motor coordination
sleepy
anorexia
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22
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Na - hyper causes

A 
water deficits (NOT SALT EXCESS)
dehydration
insufficient water intake
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23
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Na - hyper - observe for

A 
circulatory congestion
pulmonary edema with dyspnea
hyeprtension
tachycardia
agitation
restless
convulsions
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24
Q

Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Ca - normal

A

8.4-10.4

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25
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Ca - hypo causes
``` reduced albumin levels hyperphosphatemia hypoparathyroidism malabsorption of Ca and vit D alkalosis acute pancreatitis Vit D deficiency ```
26
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Ca - hypo = observe for
``` mm cramps tetany spasms convulsions paresthesias anxiety, irritability arrythmias hypotension ```
27
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Ca - hyper - causes
hyperparathyroidism tumors hyperthyroidism vit a intoxication
28
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Ca - hyper - observe for
fatigue, depression, mental confusion n/v, inc urination occasional arrythmias
29
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Mg - norm
1.8 to 2.4
30
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Mg - hypo - causes
``` hemodialysis blood transfusions chronic renal disease hepatic cirrhosis chronic pancreatitis hypoparathyroidism excess loss of body fluiids ```
31
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Mg - hypo - observe for
hyperirritability confusion leg and foot cramps
32
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Mg - hyper - causes
``` renal failure diabetic acidosis hypothyroidism addisons dehydration and use of antacids ```
33
Urinary regulation of fluids and electrolytes - Mg - hyper - observe for
hyporeflexia, mm weakness, drowsy | lethargy, confusion, bradycardia, hypotension
34
Acid base balance
Balance of acids and bases in the body (normally a ratio of 20 base to 1 acid) normal serum pH is 7.35-7.45
35
Metabolic acidosis is what
a depletion of bases or an accumulation of acids | blood pH below 7.35
36
Metabolic acidosis causes
diabetes renal insufficiency diarrhea
37
Metabolic acidosis observe for
``` hyperventilation deep respirations weakness mm twitch malaise n/v, diarrhea, HA, dry skin and mucus can lead to stupor and come/death ```
38
Metabolic alkalosis is what
an increase in bases or a reduction of acids | pH rises above 7.45
39
Metabolic alkalosis causes
``` excess vomit excess diuretics hypokalemia peptic ulcer excessive intake of antacids ```
40
Metabolic alkalosis observe for
``` hypoventilation depressed respirations dysrhythmias prolonged vomit, diarrhea weakness mm twitch irritability agitation convulsions coma/death ```
41
Respiratory acidosis is what
CO2 retention, imapired alveolar ventilation
42
Respiratory acidosis causes
hypoventilation drugs/over sedation chronic pulmonary disease hypermetablism (sepsis, burns)
43
Respiratory acidosis observe for
``` dyspnea hyperventilation cyanosis resltessness HA May lead to stupor, coma/death ```
44
Respiratory alkalosis is what
diminished CO2 | alveolar hyperventilation
45
Respiratory alkalosis - causes
``` anxiety attack with hyperventilation hypoxia impaired lung expansion CHF PE diffuse liver or CNS disease salicylate poisoning extremem stress ```
46
Respiratory alkalosis - observe for
tachypnea, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty concentrating numb/ting blurred vision diaphoresis, mm cramps twitching, tetany, weakness, arrhythmias, convulsions
47
Renal and Urological Disorders - UTI is what
infection of urinary tract with microorganisms
48
Renal and Urological Disorders - UTI - lower UTI
cysitis (inflammation and infection of the bladder) or urethritis (inflammation and infection of the urethra) Usually secondary to ascending urinary tract infections - may invovle kidneys and ureters Symptoms of urinary frequency, burning with urination, pain
49
Renal and Urological Disorders - UTI - upper UTI
pyelonephritis (inflammation and infection of one or both kidneys) Symptoms of systemic involvement - back pain, pain over costovertebral angle (murphy's sign) burning urination
50
Renal and Urological Disorders - UTI - increased risk in those with
autoimmunity, urinary obstruction and reflus, neurogenic bladder and catheterization, diabetes, kidney transplant older adults and women at inc risk
51
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal cystic disease - renal cysts are what
fluid filled cavities that form along the nephron and can lead to renal degeneration or obstruction
52
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal cystic disease - types
polycystic medullary sponge Acquired Simple renal cysts
53
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal cystic disease - symptoms
``` Pain Hematuria Hypertension Maybe fever if infection Cysts can rupture and produce hematuria ```
54
Renal and Urological Disorders - Obstructive disorders are what
developmental defects, renal calculi, prostatic hyperplasia or cancer, scar tisue from inlammation, tumors and infection
55
Renal and Urological Disorders - Obstructive disorders - Renal Calculi (kidney stones) are what
crystalline structures formed from normal components of urine
56
Renal and Urological Disorders - Obstructive disorders - Renal Calculi (kidney stones) - etiologic influences
concentration of stone components in urine and a urinary environemnt conductive to stone formation
57
Renal and Urological Disorders - Obstructive disorders - Renal Calculi (kidney stones) - s/s
Renal colic pain Pain might radiate to lower abdominal quadrant, bladder area N/v common with clamy skin
58
Renal and Urological Disorders - Obstructive disorders - Renal Calculi (kidney stones) - how are stones broken up
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) breaks up stones into fragments to allow for easy passage
59
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal failure - Acute
Acute renal failure - sudden loss of kidney function with resulting elevation in serum urea and creatnine
60
Renal and Urological Disorders - Acute renal failure - etiology
can be due to circulatory disruption to kidneys, toxic substances, bacterial toxins, acute obstruction, or trauma
61
Renal and Urological Disorders - chronic renal failure
progressive loss of kidney function leading to end stage failure
62
Renal and Urological Disorders - chronic renal failure - etiology
may result from prolonged acute UT obstruction and infection, diabetes, SLE, uncontrolled hypertension
63
Renal and Urological Disorders - chronic renal falure - uremia
an end stage toxic condition resulting from renal insufficiency and retention of nitrogenous wastes in blood - symptoms can include anorexia, nausea, mental confusion
64
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal failure - RED FLAGS
May lead to multisystem abnormalities and failure
65
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal failure - dialysis
process of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane for the purposes of removal of toxic substances; maintains fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance in presence of renal failure
66
Renal and Urological Disorders - Renal failure - Dialysis disequilibrium
symptoms of nausea, vomit, drowsy, HA, seizures | result of rapid changes after beginnin dialyssi
67
Renal and Urological Disorders - renal failure - dialysis dimentia
signs of cerebral dysfunction - result of long standing years of dialysis treatment
68
Renal and Urological Disorders - renal failure - locate dialysis shunt - why?
taking BP at the site of shunt is CONTRAINDICATED!
69
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence is what
Inability to retain urine REsult of loss of sphincter control may be acute or persistent
70
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence- Types - stress incontinence
Sudden release of urine due to inc in abdominal pressure weakness and laxity of pelvic floor mm, sphincter weakness
71
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence- types - urge incontinence
bladder begins contracting and urine is leaked after sensation of bladder fullness is perceived, an inability to delay voiding to reach toilet due to detrusor mm instability or hyperreflexia sensory instability - hypersensitive bladder
72
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence- types - Overflow incontinence
bladder continuously leaks secondary to urinary retention due to anatomical obstruction acontractile bladder neurogenic bladder
73
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence - types - functional incontinence
leakage associated with inability or unwillingness to toilet due to impaired cognition impaired physical functioning environmental barriers
74
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence - management
dietary medications surgery Bladder training
75
Renal and Urological Disorders - Urinary incontinence - PT
``` Teach pelvic floor mm exercises Provide behavioral training Functional mobility training as needed Environmental mod Maintain good skin condition Emotional support ```

NPTE Other Systems (10 decks)

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