excessive growth after puberty
Acromegaly
a decrease in corticosteroid secretion; adrenal sufficiency
Addison’s disease
anterior pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis
glands in the pituitary system consisting of the adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex that produces two types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids (cortisol) & mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Adrenal Glands
hormone released by the pituitary corticotrophs; which stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) & androgen from the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that promotes water reabsorption from the renal tubules to maintain water balance in body fluids; “vasopressin”
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
hormones that promote sodium retention and potassium excretion; a deficiency can result in serious illness or death
Corticosteroids
an increase in corticosteroid secretion; also called adrenal hypersecretion
Cushing’s Syndrome
a deficiency of ADH which causes large amounts of water to be excreted by the kidneys which can lead to severe fluid volume deficit & electrolyte imbalances
Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
excessive growth in childhood
Gigantism
hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that affects carbohydrate, protein & fat metabolism, muscle & blood activity; can cause sodium reabsorption from the kidney resulting in water retention, potassium loss and increased BP
Glucocorticoids
the most common type of hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland; characterized by rapid pulse, palpitations, excessive perspiration, heat intolerance, nervousness, irritability, bulging eyes & weight loss; “thyrotoxicosis”
Graves’ Disease
an increase in circulating T4 & T3 levels, which usually results from an overactive thyroid gland or excessive output of thyroid hormones from one or more thyroid nodules
Hyperthyroidism
the pituitary gland
Hypophysis
a decrease in thyroid hormone secretion having either a primary cause (thyroid glad disorder) or a secondary cause (lack of TSH secretion)
Hypothyroidism
a type of corticosteroid that secretes aldosterone
Mineralocorticoids
the posterior pituitary gland
Neurohypophysis
a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands which regulates calcium levels in the blood
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis in response to thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus which stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine (t4) & triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Graves’ disease, the most common type of hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland
Thyrotoxicosis
hormones secreted by the thyroid gland that regulate protein synthesis & enzyme activity & stimulate mitochondrial oxidation
Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyromine (T3)
Hormones Secreted from the Adenohypophysis (Anterior Pituitary Gland)
(1) growth hormone, (2) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), (3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and (4) gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH))
Hormones Secreted from the Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary Gland)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) & Ocytocin
Side Effects of Thyroxine Drugs (T4)
N&V, anorexia, diarrhea, cramps, tremors, nervousness, irritability, insomnia, headache, weight loss, diaphoresis, amenorrhea
Side Effects of Triiodothyronine Drugs (T3)
cardiac side effects
occurs when more insulin is administered than needed for glucose metabolism
Hypoglycemic Reaction
occurs when there is an inadequate amount of insulin & sugar cannot be metabolized, so fat catabolism occurs…the use of fatty acids for energy results
Ketoacidosis
synthetic preparations that stimulate insulin release or otherwise alter the metabolic response to hyperglycemia
Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs or Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
increased thirst
Polydipsia
increased urine output
Polyuria
increased hunger
Polyphagia
type of diabetes caused by viral infection, environmental conditions and genetic factors
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
type of diabetes caused by heredity and obesity
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Symptoms of Hypoglycemic Reaction
nervousness, trembling, lack of coordination, cold/clammy skin, headache, combativeness, incoherence
Rapid-Acting Insulins
clear solution without any added substance to prolong insulin action…lispro (Humalog) & human insulin aspart (NovoLog)
Intermediate-Acting Insulin
cloudy solution that contains protamine, a protein that prolongs the action of insulin or zinc, which slows the onset of insulin action (pt. needs several injections per day)…neutral-protamine (NPH), Lente, Humulin N
Long-Acting Insulin
clear solution that is given one time per day…Lantus, Levemir
Side Effects of Oral Antidiabetics
hypoglycemia (headache, nervousness, sweating, tremors, rapid pulse), visual disturbances, gastric upset
drug that increases blood sugar within 10 min. to treat insulin-induced hypoglycemic reactions
Glucagon
drugs that increase tissue response to insulin & decrease glucose production by the liver
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs