amount of granular WBC responsible for much of the body’s protection against infection…dosing of G-CSF depends on the calculation of this
Absolute Neutrophil County (ANC)
occurs as a part of the human immune response, which is activated when a pathogen invades the body (EX: already having a cold)
Active Immunity
occurs from exposure to an antigen or from passive injection of immunoglobulins (EX: vaccine)
Acquired Immunity
a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis
infection fighting cells, also called immunoglobulins, released when the body recognizes a pathogen
Antibodies
small amount of a virus or bacteria that is capable of producing an immune response introduced to the body through vaccination
Antigen
group of drugs used to treat HIV including referse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, entry (fusion) inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists & integrase inhibitors
Antiretroviral Medications
live, weakened microorganisms
Attenuated Viruses
cells counted in lab tests to determine HIV treatment…stable reflection of the immune system used in conjunction with the absolute count to monitor health status and response to medication therapy
CD4+ T cells
proteins that stimulate or regulate the growth, maturation and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells…manufactured through recombinant DNA techniques
Colony-Stimulating Factors
newer vaccines requiring a protein or toxoid from an unrelated organism to link the outer coat of the disease-causing microorganism…the linkage creates a substance that can be recognized by the immature immune system of a young infants (EX: flu type B)
Conjugate Vaccine
inactivated toxins…the harmful disease-causing substance produced by some microorganisms
Toxoid
glycoprotein produced by the kidney that stimulates RBC production in response to hypoxia (decreased O2 to body tissues
Erythropoietin (EPO)
drug that stimulates erythropoietins (EPOs)
Erythropoietin-Stimulating Agent
inflammatory condition that attacks joints, tendons and other tissues characterized by a uric acid metabolism disorder and defect in purine metabolism which results in an increase in urates and accumulation of uric acid or an ineffective uric acid clearance by the kidneys
Gout
current treatment recommendation for HIV that is a combination antiretroviral therapy requiring the use of at least two, maybe three active drugs from two or more classes
highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used as cancer suppressing agents (EX: Imuran, Cytoxan, methotrexate)
Immunosuppressives
a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used as interleukin receptor agonists (IL-1) (EX: Kineret) and tumor necrosis factor blockers (TNF) (EX: Enbrel, Remicade, Humira, Arava, Xeljanz)
Immunomodulators
family of naturally occuring proteins within the immune system: alpha, beta and gamma…all three can be manufactured using recombinant DNA technology…replication of viral DNA
Interferons (IFNs)
group of proteins produced by the body’s WBC- the lymphocytes…sometimes called lymphokines and found to have antitumor activities (Proleukin)
Interleukins
another name for Interleukins
Lymphokines
suppression of bone marrow activity
Myelosuppression
active immunity which is genetically determined (EX: dogs immune to measles)
Natural Immunity
occurs when an individual received antibodies against a particular pathogen from another source (EX: newborns receive immunity from mother)
Passive Immunity
chemical mediators that are released during the inflammatory process which vasodilate, relax smooth muscle, increase capillary permeability, and sensitize nerve cells to pain
Prostaglandins
HIV enzyme that cuts the long chains of HIV proteins into smaller individual proteins
Protease
drugs that inhibit (in combination with others) the activity of protease, resulting in formation and release of immature, defective and noninfectious HIV particles (EX: Kaletra, Reyataz, Lexiva, Aptivus, Prezista, Invirase, Crixivan, Norvir, Viracept
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
vaccine that involves the insertion of some of the genetic material of a pathogen into another cell or organism, where the antigen is then produced in massive quantities…then, those antigens are used as a vaccine in place of the whole pathogen (EX: Hep B)
Recombinant Subunit Vaccine
decreased number of thrombocytes in the blood occuring in cancer patients as a side effect to Interferon therapy
Thrombocytopenia
HIV enzyme that converts single-stranded HIV RNA to double-stranded HIV DNA
Reverse Transcriptase (RT)
drugs that are divided into nucleoside/nucleotide analogues (NRTI) (interfere with HIV viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibiting the viral replication) and non-nucleoside analogues (NNRTI) (prevent viral replication by competing with binding of the reverse transcriptase enzyme at the active site)
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
acquisition of detectable levels of antibodies in the bloodstream
Seroconversion
anti-gout drugs that increase the rate of uric acid excretion by inhibiting its reabsorption…used for chronic gout NOT acute attacks
Uricosurics
a plasma HIV RNA quantitative assay
Viral Load (VL) Test
institution specific service available to all healthcare employees to prophylatically vaccinate if exposed to HIV
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Priority Nursing Interventions for Antietrovial Therapy
(1) Monitor lab studies for decreasing CD4 counts and/or rising viral load (2) Explain how HIV damages the immune system (3) Emphasize protective precautions to prevent exposure to infections (4) Advise patient about ways to avoid URI & flu (5) Provide info to pregnant women about reducing risk of HIV transmission to child (6) Advise patient certain OTC products & herbs can interact with drugs
Currently Available Vaccines
Adenovirus, Anthrax, Cholera, Diptheria, Flu Type B, Hep A & B, HPV, Flu, Japanese Encephalitis, Lyme Dx, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Polio, Rabies, Tetanus, TB, Typhoid, Varicella, Yellow Fever, Zoster
Priority Nursing Interventions for Vaccines
(1) Assess for allergies, recent illness, people in household (2) Record manufacturer, lot # & exp. date
Functions of Biologic Response Modifiers (BRMs)
(1) Enhance host immunologic functions (2) Destroy/interfere with tumor activity (3) Promote differentiation of stem cells
Patient Populations Benefiting from BRMs
cancer patients, multiple sclerosis patients, chronic granulamatous disease patients
Major Side Effects of Biologic Response Modifiers
flu-like syndrome, N/V/D, reversible neurological symptoms, depression
Priority Nursing Interventions for BRMs
(1) Monitor temp at onset of chills (2) Push fluids (2 L/day) (3) Encourage patient to rest when tired (4) Administer at bedtime (5) Instruct women to use contraceptives during therapy (6) Explain that herbal products are not recommended
Ususal Side Effects of Vaccines
pain, redness and swelling at injection site