Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology and Embryology > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • ductless glands
  • dense networks of capillaries and parenchymatous cells
  • secretes hormones that regulate the functions of target organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hypophysis, or Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Adenohypophysis

2. Neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adenohypophysis Components

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pars Distalis

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Chomophobes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • Acidophils*
A
  1. Somatotrophs

2. Lactotrophs, or prolactin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Somatotrophs

A
  • production of somatotrophin, or Growth Hormone (GH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lactotrophs, or prolactin cells

A
  • induces the secretion of the mammary glands

- > lactogenic activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Basophils

A
  1. Thryotrophs
  2. Gonadotrophs
  3. Corticotrophs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thryotrophs

A
  • produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

- > induces the thyroid gland to release thyroxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gonadotrophs

A
  • produces follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Corticotrophs

A
  • produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

- > acts on the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chromophobes

A
  • are considered to be temporarily resting

degranulated chromophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pars Intermedia

A
  • closely associated with the neurohypophysis

- completely separated from the pars distalis by the hypophyseal cleft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pars Intermedia

A
  • produces melanotropes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Melanotropes

A
  • most abundant cells that may surround colloid-filled follicles
  • produce melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pars Tuberalis

A
  • believed to play a role in the seasonal-reproductive cycle of some domestic mammals
  • a few gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs are present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pituicytes

A
  • glial cells of the neurohypophysis

- modified astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Neurohypophysis

A
  • microglial cells are present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System Components

A
  1. Supraoptic Nuclei

2. Paraventricular Nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Supraoptic Nuclei

A
  • secrete ADH, or vasopressin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Paraventricular Nuclei

A
  • secretes oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Supraoptic Nuclei and Paraventricular Nuclei

A
  • these nuclei have large neuronal bodies containing neurosecretory granules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Neurosecretory granules

A
  • produce oxytocin and vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neural Lobe

A
  • in this, enlarged axon terminals store and release neurosecretory granules in the perivascular space of sinusoidal capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Herring Bodies
- enlarged axon terminals containing neurosecretory granules in the neural lobe
26
Astrocytes
- strongly basophilic | with elongated nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes
27
Pinealocyte
- slightly basophilic with large irregular shaped nuclei
28
Pinealocyte
- secretes melatonin
29
Melatonin Functions
1. regulates the day/night schedule 2. Regulates the seasonal sexual activity with the pars tuberalis 3. Inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH
30
Thyroid Gland
- It is surrounded by a thin capsule of dense irregular C.T. from which trabecula extend into the parenchyma, dividing it into lobules
31
Thyroid Follicles
- filled with colloid (gel-like substance) | - lined by follicular cells
32
Thyroid Follicles in the resting state
- epithelium is low cuboidal | - colloid appears very dense
33
*Thyroid Follicles in the stimulated state*
- epitheloim is cuboidal or low columnar | - the colloid is dissolved
34
Thyroid follicles
- synthesize thyroid hormones (thyroxine) which release into the blood to increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the body
35
Iodinated Thyroglobin
- thyroglobin + iodine
36
Parafollicular Cells
- secrete calcitonin which inhibits osteoclasts to release calcium thus lowers the calcium level
37
Thyroid Gland Lobules
1. Thyroid Follicles 2. parafollicular cells 3. Dense networks of sinusoidal capillaries
38
Parathyroid Gland
- surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular CT
39
Parathyroid Gland Cells
1. Light principal cells 2. Dark principal cells 3. Few oxyphilic cells 4. Transitional cells
40
Light principal cells of Parathyroid glands
- inactive cells | - secrete parathormone
41
Dark principal cells of Parathyroid glands
- active cells | - secrete parathormone
42
Oxyphilic cells of Parathyroid glands
- present in horses and large ruminants | - light staining cytoplasm
43
Transitional Cell
- structural characteristic between principal and oxyphilic cells
44
Parathormone
- activate osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood | - It also maintains calcium and phosphorous levels in the blood
45
Calcitonin
- inhibits osteoclasts to release calcium | - > therefore, lowers the blood calcium and promotes osteogenesis
46
Adrenal Gland
- surrounded by a thin CT capsule | - parenchyma has an outer cortex and a medulla
47
Adrenal Cortex (outer) Zones
1. Zona Glomerulosa 2. Zona Fasciculata 3. Zona Reticularis
48
Zona Glomerulosa
- characteristics of steroid secreting cells
49
*Zona Glomerulosa*
- produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) | - > maintains sodium and potassium level in ECF
50
Ruminants
- zona glomerulosa is formed by irregular clusters and cords of cells
51
Horse, carnivores, pig
- Zona glomerulosa is called the zona arcuata | - the cells are arranged in arcs
52
Zona Fasciculata
- radially arranged cords of cuboidal or columnar cells | - contain a large number of lipid droplets
53
*Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis*
- production of glucocorticoids and sex hormones | - > protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism
54
Zona Reticularis
- irregular network of anastomosing cell cords
55
External Layer to Internal Layer of the Adrenal Gland
1. Adrenal Cortex (outer) - Zona glomerulus - zona fasciculata - zona reticularis 2. Adrenal Medulla (Inner)
56
Adrenal Medulla
- called chromaffin cells due to its affinity with chromium salta
57
*Chromaffin Cell Types*
1. Stronger Chromaffin reaction | 2. Less Affinity to chromium salt
58
Stronger Chromaffin reaction
- chromaffin cell that secretes norepinephrine
59
Less Affinity to chromium salt
- chromaffin cell that secretes epinephrine
60
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- released under physical and psychological stress
61
Pancreatic Islets
- arranged in irregular anastomosing cords composed of five different types of cells 1. A-cells (5-30%) 2. B-cells (60-80%) 3. C-cells 4. D-cells 5. Small granulated cells
62
A-Cells
- contains secretory granules which are insoluble in alcohol
63
*A-Cells*
- secretes glucagon | - > increases blood sugar level
64
A-Cell Stain
- stained brilliant red with Mason's trichome and Gomori/s aldehyde-fuchsin
65
B-Cells
- secretory granules are soluble in alcohol
66
*B-Cells*
- produces insulin | - > which reduces blood sugar level
67
Diabetes Mellitus
- absence or insufficient secretion of insulin from B-cells causes this disease
68
Mallory's Trichome
- stains B cells dark orange
69
Gomori's aldehyde-fuschsin
- stains B cells with deep purple
70
C-Cells
- immature precursor cells to the other type of islet cells
71
D-Cells
- are relatively rare - produces somatostatin - > has an inhibitory action on the secretion of insulin and glucagon
72
Small Granulated Cells
- precursors of a variety of cells that produce various gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones - > inhibit intestinal motility and bile secretion

Histology and Embryology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions