Digestive System Flashcards

Question

Pigs and Horses

Answer 1

- palantine tonsils | - derived from the soft palate

Answer 2

1. Dental Pad 2. Buccal Papillae 3. Palatine Raphe 4. Rugae

Answer 3

1. Rugae | 2. Soft Palate

Answer 4

``` 1. eating, drinking, vocalization 2. muscular and mobile 3. epithelial specializations 4. sensitive and highly innervated 5. contains chemoreceptor sites 6. thermoregulation ```

Answer 5

- muscular organ covered by a mucosa

Answer 6

- stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized on the dorsal surface - nonkeratinized on the ventral surface

Answer 7

- bundles of skeletal muscle | - arranged in a longitudinal, transverse and perpendicular direction

Answer 8

- on the dorsal surface of the tongue | - serve either a mechanical or gustatory function

Answer 9

1. Filiform 2. Conical 3. Lenticular

Answer 10

1. Fungiform 2. Vallate 3. Foliate

Answer 11

- facilitate the movement of ingesta | - all keratinized stratified squamous

Answer 12

- have taste buds | - all nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Answer 13

- devoid of hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands

Answer 14

- slender, thread-like structures that project above the surface of the tongue

Answer 15

- filiform papillae is very well developed | - filiform papillae is very fine keratinized threads

Answer 16

- in dogs, cats and pigs located on the root of the tongue | - in ruminants located on the torus linguae

Answer 17

- flattened, lens shaped projection | - present on the torus liguae of ruminants

Answer 18

- mushroom shaped | - contains taste buds on the upper surface

Answer 19

- in fungiform papillae taste buds are sparse

Answer 20

- in fungiform papillae taste buds are more numerous

Answer 21

- in fungiform papillae taste buds are abundant

Answer 22

- numerous taste buds occur in the epithelium on the papillary side of its sulcus

Answer 23

- taste buds are located on the sides of the folds

Answer 24

- large, flattened structures completely surrounded by an epithelium lined sulcus

Answer 25

- they are parallel folds of the lingual mucosa located on the caudo-lateral margin of the tongue

Answer 26

- the foliate papillae is absent

Answer 27

- the foliate papillae is rudimentary | - no taste buds

Answer 28

- consists of a cluster of spindle-shaped epithelial cells that extend from the BM to a small opening, the taste pore, at the epithelial surface

Answer 29

1. Sustentacular Cells 2. Gustatory Cells 3. Basal Cells

Answer 30

- closely associated with the gustatory cells

Answer 31

- a cordlike structure present in the tongue of carnivores

Answer 32

- a large prominence on the caudal part of the dorsal surface of the ruminant tongue

Answer 33

- a mid-dorsal fibroelastic cord with hyaline cartilage | - present inside the tongue of horses

Answer 34

1. Enamel 2. Dentine 3. Cementum

Answer 35

- produced by ameloblasts | - hardest structure in the body

Answer 36

- 99% mineral (hydroxyaptite) | - 1% organic matter

Answer 37

- produced by odontoblasts

Answer 38

- 70% Minerals - > mainly hydroxyapatite, some carbonate, magnesium and fluoride - 30% Organic material - > mainly collagen fibrils and glycoprotein

Answer 39

- resembles bone

Answer 40

- lamellae oriented parallel to the surface of the tooth | - cementoytes occupy the lacunae

Answer 41

- bundles of collagen fibers | - form the peridontal ligament

Answer 42

- anchors the tooth in the alveolus (to bone)

Answer 43

1. Dental Pulp 2. A core of CT 3. Blood vessels and nerves

Answer 44

- short and cease to grow after eruption is complete | - have a crown, neck and root

Answer 45

- all teeth of carnivores | - incisors of ruminants

Answer 46

- much longer and grow throughout life - do not have a crown or neck - both cementum and enamel cover the length of the tooth

Answer 47

- cheek teeth in ruminants - all permanent teeth in horses - incisors/canines of pigs and elephants

Answer 48

1. Parotid 2. Mandibular 3. Sublingual 4. Zygomatic (carnivores)

Answer 49

- predominantly serous - compound acinar gland - occasionally isolated mucous secretory units may occur in dogs and cats

Answer 50

- seromucous - compound tubuloacinar gland - predominance of mucous acini and serous demilune - Cells of the mucous secretory unit are filled with mucinogen

Answer 51

- are filled with mucinogen

Answer 52

- seromucous | - compound tubuloacinar gland

Answer 53

- almost entirely mucous with relatively few serous demilune

Answer 54

- contains clusters of serous acini in addition to typical mucous and serous demilunes - striated and intercalated ducts are not predominant

Answer 55

- striated and intercalated ducts are well developed

Answer 56

- only in carnivores

Answer 57

1. Labial 2. Lingual 3. Buccal 4. Palatine 5. Molar - cats

Answer 58

- cats | - similar to zygomatic salivary gland

Answer 59

1. Epithelium 2. Lamina propria 3. Lamina Muscularis

Answer 60

1. Connective Tissue 2. Glands 3. Meissner's Plexus

Answer 61

1. Smooth or skeletal muscle | 2. Myenteric (Auribach's) plexus

Answer 62

- outer most layer

Answer 63

- stratified squamous 1. Dog - nonkeratinized 2. Pigs and Horses - slightly keratinized 3. Ruminants - Highly keratinized

Answer 64

- contains ONLY longitudinally orientated smooth muscle bundles

Answer 65

- seromucous gland located at the pharyngoesophageal junction

Answer 66

- seromucous gland located at the cranial half of the esophagus

Answer 67

- seromucous gland located throughout its length

Answer 68

- entirely striated and skeletal

Answer 69

- Skeletal muscle makes up the cranial 2/3, but gradually changes to smooth muscle in caudal 1/3

Answer 70

- Skeletal muscle may extend 4/5 of the length before changing to smooth muscle

Answer 71

- inner circular layer thickens at the cardia and forms the cardiac sphincter - > prominent in horses

Answer 72

- in the cervical region

Answer 73

- in the thoracic and abdominal region

Answer 74

- simple stomach

Answer 75

- compound stomach

Answer 76

- abomasum

Answer 77

- rumen, reticulum and omasum

Answer 78

- stratified squamous keratinized

Answer 79

- lamina muscularis is absent

Answer 80

- blends with submucosa to form the propria-submucosa - formed by a feltwork of collagen/elastic fibers - a band of smooth muscle is located in the upper part of the reticular fold

Answer 81

- extends from the cardia to the reticulo-omasal orifice - functional in young animals - > creates a channel that allows the milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum

Answer 82

- mucosa has characteristic omasal laminae or 'leaves' which are studded with macrostopic papillae that help in grinding of the food

Answer 83

- forms a thick layer just beneath the lamina propria on both sides of the laminae

Answer 84

- absent nonglandular region

Answer 85

- small nonglandular region

Answer 86

- nonglandular region is separated from the glandular region by the margoplicatus

Answer 87

- nonglandular region (forestomach) is the most developed

Answer 88

- mucosa has extensive gastric folds that will flatten as the stomach fills - the surface has small invaginations call gastric pits which are continuous with the gastric glands

Answer 89

- mucosal surface and gastric pits are lined by simple columnar epithelium

Answer 90

1. Cardiac Gland Region 2. Fundic Gland Region 3. Pyloric Gland Region

Answer 91

- most developed in pigs - glands that are relatively short, simple branched, coiled tubular glands that release a mucous secretory product - empty into relatively shallow gastric pits

Answer 92

- straight, branched tubular glands that extend into the lamina muscularis - short neck, long body and a lightly dilated blind end

Answer 93

1. Mucus neck cells 2. Chief Cells - zymogen cells 3. Parietal Cells 4. Endocrine Cells

Answer 94

- fundic gland region | - occupy the neck of the gland

Answer 95

- fundic gland region - zymogen cells - most numerous cells - secrete pepsinogen - > which is transformed into pepsin by hydrochloric acid

Answer 96

- fundic gland region - larger and less numerous than chief cells - occur singly - contains an abundance of carbonic anhydrase that helps in the formation of hydrochloric acid

Answer 97

- fundic gland region - argentaffin cells - responsible for the production of GIT hormones - best demonstrated by silver salt - their secretory product is released directly into capillaries

Answer 98

- branched, coiled tubular glands that are relatively shorter than other gastric glands - the gastric pits are considerably deeper than other glands

Answer 99

1. mucosal folds (plicae circulares) in the cranial 2/3 2. surface of the mucosa is covered with finger-like projections (intestinal villi) 3. absorptive surface is further increased by the microvilli on the free surface of the simple columnar epithelial cells

Answer 100

- simple columnar

Answer 101

- numerous goblet cells - the density of the goblet cells is greater in the caudal part of the SI (ileum) - crypts of liberkuhn - paneth cells - enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells

Answer 102

- intestinal glands - simple branched tubular invaginations at the base of the villi - give rise to the columnar and goblet cells

Answer 103

- near the base of the intestinal gland, or the Crypts of Liberkuhn - produce peptidase and lysozyme (antibacterial compound)

Answer 104

- paneth cells are present

Answer 105

- forms the core of the villi - diffuse lymphatic tissue or lymphatic nodules (Peyer's Patches) are present throughout the SI and increase in number towards the ileum - lacteal

Answer 106

- located in the lamina propria of the small intestine - a single lymphatic capillary - located in the center of the villus

Answer 107

- thin and incomplete | - > except in the dog it is complete and thicker

Answer 108

- tubuloalveolar submucosal glands (Brunner's Gland) are located mainly in the duodenum

Answer 109

- located mainly in the duodenum

Answer 110

- Brunner's glands secrete mucous glands

Answer 111

- Brunner's glands secrete serous glands

Answer 112

- mixed glands

Answer 113

- large aggregated lymphatic nodules | - mainly present in the ileum

Answer 114

- does not have glands or patches | - has CT in the submucosa !

Answer 115

- thickest in horses

Answer 116

1. No villi, only crypts 2. longer, less-coiled, simple tubular glands with many goblet cells 3. No paneth cells 4. No plica circulares (mucosal folds)

Answer 117

- lots of lymphatic nodules scattered throughout its length

Answer 118

- the mucosa is substantially thicker because of the increased length of intestinal glands

Answer 119

- have Taenia | - > outer longitudinal layer of the tunica muscularis that form flat muscle bands containing numerous elastic fibers

Answer 120

- increased number of goblet cells

Answer 121

1. Columnar Zone 2. Intermediate Zone 3. Cutaneous Zone

Answer 122

- contains longitudinal folds - > anal columns - epithelium is stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Answer 123

- a narrow strip between the columnar and cutaneous zone | - epithelium is stratified squamous nonkeratinized

Answer 124

- lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Answer 125

- bilateral invaginations of anal mucosa | - with modified sweat glands

Answer 126

- largest gland in the body | - high regenerative power

Answer 127

1. Bile secretion 2. Metabolism of protein, CHOs, Lipids, hemoglobin and drugs 3. Hemopoiesis - in fetal 4. Phagocytosis 5. Detoxification

Answer 128

- liver is covered by a typical serosa overlying a thin CT capsule called this

Answer 129

- prominent in portal areas containing branches of 1. Hepatic Artery 2. portal vein 3. Bile duct 4. Lymphatics

Answer 130

- in most species is scant | - except for the pig it is distinct

Answer 131

1. Classic Lobules 2. Portal Lobules 3. Liver Acinus

Answer 132

- the anatomical unit of the liver - these lobules are roughly hexagonal - the portal area is present between 3 adjacent lobules

Answer 133

- a functional unit in relation to the bile secretion - a triangular shaped area - the portal area is in the center - 3 central veins of the classic lobules at the peripheral angles

Answer 134

- a functional unit in relation to the metabolic activity - roughly diamond-shaped area made of parts of: - > the 2 classic lobules - > 2 central veins at the apposing points

Answer 135

- is simply an expanded intercellular space between the membranes of adjacent hepatocytes

Answer 136

1. Bile canaliculi 2. Bile Ductules 3. Interlobular Bile Ducts 4. Hepatic Ducts 5. Bile Duct (common Bile duct)

Answer 137

- carry blood from the terminal branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein to the central vein - lined by endothelial cells and stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells)

Answer 138

- they are stellate macrophages (phagocytic cells) of the liver - lines the hepatic sinusoids in the liver

Answer 139

- gall bladder is absent

Answer 140

1. Storage 2. Concentration 3. Acidification 4. Delivery of Bile

Answer 141

- the mucosa is thrown into numerous folds in the contracted (empty) state - lined by simple columnar epithelium

Answer 142

- goblet cells are present in the gall bladder

Answer 143

1. presence of centroacinar cells in the lumen of the secretory acinus 2. Intralobular Ducts are not stratified

Answer 144

- present in the pancreas - in the lumen of the secretory acinus - secrete bicarbonate which raise the pH of the intestinal contents

Answer 145

- frequently present in the pancreas of cats

Answer 146

- a cornified beak is attached to the upper and lower jaw bone - NO teeth

Answer 147

- stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 148

- blends with the propria-submucosa - contains lots of diffuse lymphatic tissue - > no lymph nodes - salivary glands

Answer 149

- all are branched tubular mucous glands

Answer 150

- stratified squamous keratinized | - contains an entoglossal bone

Answer 151

- stratified squamous keratinized

Answer 152

- sac like diverticulum of the esophagus - it’s a storage organ where the ingested food is moistened by mucous secretion of the esophageal and crop gland

Answer 153

1. the crop secretes crop milk (desquamated lipid-laden cells) 2. mixes with the ingested food 3. mixture is regurgitated 4. fed to the nestling

Answer 154

1. Proventriculus | 2. Ventriculus

Answer 155

- glandular portion of avian stomach - mucosa has macroscopic papillae - oxynticopeptic cells

Answer 156

- in the proventriculus of the avian stomach | - produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid

Answer 157

- the gizzard | - responsible for grinding ingesta

Answer 158

- lined by the cuticle which is a secretory product of the mucosal gland

Answer 159

- smooth muscle cells | - criss crossed by bands of dense white, fibrous CT

Answer 160

- contain large amounts of diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue

Answer 161

- contain large amounts of diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue - duodenal submucosa glands are absent

Answer 162

- 2 ceca are present at the ileocolic juntion

Answer 163

- in the large intestine - adult birds have these - large mass of diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue that infiltrates the lamina propria and the submucosa at the cecal orifice

Answer 164

- Villi in the large intestine

Answer 165

1. Coprodeum 2. Urodeum 2. Proctodeum

Answer 166

- bursa of Fabricius - sac like diverticulum of proctodeum in birds only - plicae (tall mucosal folds) - pseudostratified columnar epithelium - lymphoid organ/immune system organ - B lymphocytes differentiate here - > into plasma cells when activated

Answer 167

- The tunica mucosa of the vent is highly folded and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. - Striated muscle of the tunica muscularis forms a sphincter

Answer 168

1. Hepatic Artery 2. Portal Vein 3. Bile Duct 4. Lymphatics