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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Growth Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Most tissues
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose
  • hypersecretion: Gigantism in children, Acromegaly in adults
  • hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism in children
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2
Q

Thyroid Simulating Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Thyroid Gland
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
  • hypersecretion: Grave’s disease
  • hyposecretion: Cretinism in children; myxedema in adults
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3
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Adrenal cortex
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
  • hypersecretion: Cushing’s disease
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4
Q

Follicle stimulating Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Ovaries in females, testes in males
  • Effects on tissue/organs: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females, and stimulates sperm production in males
  • hyposecretion: Failure of sexual maturation
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5
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Ovaries in females, testes in males
  • Effects on tissue/organs: triggers ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone in females, and promotes testosterone production in males
  • hyposecretion: Failure of sexual maturation
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6
Q

Prolactin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Anterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Breast
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes lactation
  • hypersecretion: inappropriate milk production; cessation of menses in female
    impotence in males
  • hyposecretion: Poor milk production in nursing women
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7
Q

What are the hormones the anterior pituitary gland secretes?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
  • Follicle stimulating Hormone
  • Luteinizing Hormone
  • Prolactin
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8
Q

Oxytocin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Posterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Uterus and Breast
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates uterine contraction, which stimulates labor; and initiates milk ejection
  • hypersecretion/hyposecretion: none
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9
Q

Antidiuretic hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Posterior Pituitary Gland
  • Target tissue/organs: Kidney
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water
  • hypersecretion: Syndrome of inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
  • hyposecretion: Diabetes insipidus
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10
Q

What are the hormones the posterior pituitary gland secretes?

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic Hormone

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11
Q

Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Thyroid gland
  • Target tissue/organs: most cells of the body
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increases metabolic rates, essential
    to normal process of growth and maturation
  • hypersecretion: excessive skeletal growth in children and demineralization of the bones in adults
  • hyposecretion: growth retardation in children and joint pain in adults
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12
Q

Calcitonin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Thyroid gland
  • Target tissue/organs: primarily bone
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Decreases rate of bone breakdown; prevents large increase in blood calcium ion levels following a meal.
  • hypersecretion/hyposecretion: none
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13
Q

What are the hormones the thyroid gland secretes?

A

thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine)
calcitonin

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14
Q

Parathyroid Hormone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Parathyroid gland
  • Target tissue/organs: bone and kidney
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclasts; increases vitamin D synthesis and essential for maintenance of blood calcium levels
  • hypersecretion: Hyperparathyroidism
  • hyposecretion: Hypoparathyroidism
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15
Q

Catecholamines (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Adrenal medulla
  • Target tissue/organs: Sympathetic nervous system target organs
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increase heart rate and metabolic rate ; increase blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
  • hypersecretion: – Prolonged fight or flight response; hypertension
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16
Q

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
  • Target tissue/organs: kidneys
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increase blood levels of Sodium ions and decrease blood levels of potassium ions; Water retention in the body
  • hypersecretion: Aldosteronism
  • hyposecretion: Addison’s disease
17
Q

Glucocorticoids
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
  • Target tissue/organs: most cells of the body
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increase fat rate and protein breakdown; increase glucose synthesis from amino acids; increase blood nutrient levels; inhibit inflammation and immune response
  • hypersecretion: Cushing’s syndrome
  • hyposecretion: Addison’s disease
18
Q

Adrenal androgens
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Adrenal cortex
  • Target tissue/organs: most tissues
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Stimulates male sexual characteristics; increase female sexual drive, growth of pubic and axillary hair
  • hypersecretion: Masculinization of female
19
Q

What are the hormones the adrenal cortex secretes?

A
  • Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Adrenal Androgens
20
Q

Insulin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Pancreas
  • Target tissue/organs: liver
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids
  • hypersecretion: hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia
  • hyposecretion: diabetes
21
Q

Glucagon
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Pancreas
  • Target tissue/organs: liver
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Increases breakdown of glycogen
    and release of glucose into the circulatory system
  • hypersecretion: diabetes; glucagonoma
  • hyposecretion: hypoglycemia
22
Q

What are the hormones the pancreas secretes?

A
  • Insulin
  • glucagon
23
Q

Testosterone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Testes
  • Target tissue/organs: most tissues
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Sperm production; maintenance of functional reproductive organs; secondary sexual characteristics; sexual behavior
  • hypersecretion: Exaggerated sexual characteristics
  • hyposecretion: lack of sexual characteristics
24
Q

estrogens and progesterone
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Ovaries
  • Target tissue/organs: most tissues
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Aid in uterine and mammary gland development and function, external genitalia structure; secondary sexual characteristics; sexual behavior and menstrual cycle
  • hypersecretion: Exaggerated sexual characteristics
  • hyposecretion: lack of sexual characteristics
25
Q

Thymosin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Thymus
  • Target tissue/organs: immune tissues
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Promotes immune system development and function
  • hyposecretion: increased susceptibility to
    diseases
26
Q

Melatonin
- Gland secreted from:
- Target tissue/organs:
- Effects on tissue/organs:
- Effects on hyposecretion/hypersecretion:

A
  • Gland secreted from: Pineal gland
  • Target tissue/organs: hypothalamus
  • Effects on tissue/organs: Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone thereby inhibiting reproduction

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