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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Urinary system function:

A
  1. EXCRETION – Elimination of toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess ion
  2. REGULATON OF BLOOD VOLUME AND BLOOD PRESSURE
  3. ION CONCENTRATION REGULATION
  4. PH REGULATION
  5. VITAMIN D AND RBC SYNTHESIS – erythropoietin
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2
Q

The urinary system consists of the following:

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Urethra
  4. Urinary bladder
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3
Q
  • bean shaped organs, each about the size of a tightly clenched fist.
  • Size: 11cm (compare to a bar of soap)
  • Location: Extending from T12-L3, Retroperitoneal (between the dorsal wall and parietal peritoneum).
A

kidneys

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4
Q

lower side of the kidney because it is crowded by the liver

A

right kidndey

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5
Q

connective tissue that surrounds each kidney

A

RENAL CAPSULE

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6
Q

the 3 layers of the renal capsule

A
  1. Renal Fascia
  2. Perirenal fat capsule
  3. Fibrous capsule
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7
Q

Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures

A

Renal Fascia

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8
Q
  • Cushions the kidney
  • prevents trauma
  • stabilize the kidney
A

Perirenal fat capsule

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9
Q

Prevents the spread of infection

A

Fibrous capsule

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10
Q

where renal artery and nerves enter and renal vein, ureter and lymph vessels exit the kidney.

A

RENAL HILUM

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11
Q

cavity which contains blood vessels

A

RENAL SINUS

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12
Q

outer superficial region which is light-colored and granular in appearance

A

RENAL CORTEX

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13
Q

inner deep layer which is dark-colored and striped in appearance

A

RENAL MEDULLA

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14
Q

coned shape tissue masses located between the cortex and medulla

A

RENAL PYRAMIDS

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15
Q

separates the renal pyramids

A

RENAL COLUMNS

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16
Q

funnel-shaped structure which surround the tip of renal pyramid

A

RENAL CALYCES

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17
Q

The calyces from all the renal pyramids join to form a larger funnel called

A

renal pelvis

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18
Q
  • Structural and functional unit of the kidney
  • About 1million nephrons each kidney
  • Site of urine formation/production
A

NEPHRON

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19
Q
  • located at the renal cortex
  • function to FILTER
A

RENAL CORPUSCLE

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20
Q

resembles as ball of yarn, fenestrated (pored)

A

Glomerulus

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21
Q

encapsulates the glomerulus

A

Glomerular capsule

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22
Q
  • located partially at the renal cortex and mostly at the medulla
    o Proximal Convoluted Tubule
    o Nephron Loop
    § Descending Loop
    § Ascending Loop
    o Distal Convoluted Tubule
A

RENAL TUBULES

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23
Q

Those in the renal cortex (85% of the nephrons)

A

CORTICAL

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24
Q

Those in the renal medulla (15% of the nephrons)

A

JUXTAMEDULLARY

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24
Q

transports the blood to the glomerulus

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

25
Q

exchange of nutrients, will deliver the blood to the kidney.

A

GLOMERULUS (CAPILLARIES)

26
Q

will transport the reabsorbed substances to the peritubular capillary/vasa recta back to the heart.

A

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

27
Q

Urine is produced by three processes

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular Reabsorption
  3. Tubular Secretion
28
Q

FILTRATION

A

a. Location: Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule
b. Function: The movement of water, ions and small molecules through the filtration membrane into Bowman’s capsule. Substances that cannot pass through the glomerulus (blood cells and big proteins) will be transported to
vasa recta for reabsorption.
- Filtered substances is called as filtrate.

29
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION (PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE)

A

a. Location: Renal Cortex
b. Permeability: Water and Solutes
c. How reabsorption takes place? As solutes molecules are transported out of the proximal convoluted tubule (via active transport and co-transport) into the interstitial fluid, water moves by osmosis in the same direction. All of the reabsorbed substances go to the vasa recta.
d. Reabsorption Rate: 65%

30
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION (NEPHRON LOOP: DESCENDING LOOP)

A

a. Location: Renal Medulla
b. Permeability: High to water and Slightly/Semi to solutes
c. How reabsorption takes place? As the filtrate passes through the descending limb into the medulla, water moves out of the nephron by osmosis
and some solutes moves into the nephron by diffusion. (Very concentrated/salty)

31
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION (NEPHRON LOOP: ASCENDING LOOP)

A

a. Location: Renal Medulla
b. Permeability: High to solutes and Not permeable to water
c. How reabsorption takes place? Solutes diffuses out of the nephron (Diluted!!!)
d. Reabsorption Rate in the entire nephron loop: 15%

32
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION (DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT)

A

b. Permeability: Water and Solutes
c. How reabsorption takes place? As the filtrate enters the distal convoluted tubule, it is more dilute than the interstitial fluid of the renal cortex. It furthers remove the water and solutes remaining.
d. Reabsorption Rate: 19%
e. Urine formed that will be collected by the renal calyces: 1%

33
Q

TUBULAR REABSORPTION (DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCT)

A

a. Location: Renal Medulla and Renal Calyces
b. Permeability: Water and Solutes
c. How reabsorption takes place? As the filtrate enters the distal convoluted tubule, it is more dilute than the interstitial fluid of the renal cortex. It furthers remove the water and solutes remaining.
d. Reabsorption Rate: 19%
e. Urine formed that will be collected by the renal calyces: 1%

34
Q

TUBULAR SECRETION

A
  • The active transport of solutes across the nephron walls into the filtrate.
  • Useful for:
    o Disposing of substances, such as certain drugs and metabolites, that are tightly bound to plasma proteins.
    o Eliminating undesirable substances or end products that have been reabsorbed by passive processes.
    o Ridding the body of excess potassium ions.
    o Controlling blood pH.
35
Q

URINE
- Color:
- Odor:
- pH:
- Specific Gravity:

A

Color: clear pale – deep yellow (amber)
Odor: Aromatic
pH: 6.0
Specific Gravity: 1.001-1.035

36
Q

CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF URINE

A
  • Urea
  • Uric Acid
  • Creatinine
  • Sodium, Phosphate, ammonia
37
Q

Water Reabsorption is ______ proportional to Blood Solute Concentration

A

DIRECTLY

38
Q

Water Reabsorption is _________ proportional to Urine Output

A

INVERSELY

39
Q

Blood Pressure is ________ proportional to Blood Volume

A

DIRECTLY

40
Q

Water Reabsorption is ________ proportional to Blood Volume and Blood Pressure

A

INVERSELY

41
Q

Water Reabsorption is ________ proportional to Urine Output

A

INVERSELY

42
Q

Water Reabsorption is ________ proportional to Urine Output

A

INVERSELY

43
Q
  • Divided into right and left.
  • Small tubes that carry urine from renal pelvis of the kidney to the posterior portion of the urinary bladder.
  • Movement: Peristalsis
A

URETERS

44
Q
  • A hollow muscular (detrusor muscle) container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis.
  • Sphincters:
  • Storage of urine
  • Trigone: three openings
A

URINARY BLADDER

45
Q
  • A hollow muscular (detrusor muscle) container that lies in the pelvic cavity just posterior to the pubic symphysis.
  • Sphincters:
  • Storage of urine
  • Trigone: three openings
A

URINARY BLADDER

46
Q
  • Tube that exits the urinary bladder inferiorly and anteriorly
  • Female- 1 1⁄2 inches (shorter, exposed, prone to infection)
  • Male – 6 to 8 inches
A

URETHRA

47
Q
  • Located at the inferior part of the urinary bladder.
  • closes (via autonomic nervous system) when semen is passing through the urethra.
A

Internal Urinary Sphincter (Involuntary)

48
Q
  • Located at the inferior part of the urethral orifice.
  • It is controlled by skeletal muscles
A

External Urinary Sphincter (Voluntary)

49
Q

act of voiding or urinating

A

Micturition

50
Q

3 events must occur for micturition reflex

A

a. Detrusor muscle must contract
b. Internal urinary sphincter must open
c. External urinary sphincter must open

51
Q

A person can override micturition reflex at the age of what

A
  • 2-3 years old and above
  • when a person gains conscious thinking
52
Q

contain high concentration of potassium ions, magnesium ions, phosphate and sulfate than the extracellular compartment)

A

Intracellular Fluid Compartment (INSIDE CELL)

53
Q

contain high concentration of sodium ions, calcium ions and bicarbonate ions than the intracellular compartment.

A

Extracellular Fluid Compartment (OUTSIDE CELL)

54
Q

Two mechanisms help regulate the levels of ions in the extracellular fluid:

A
  1. Thirst Regulation (Hypothalamus – center for thirst)
  2. Ion Concentration Regulation
    - Sodium Ions
    - Potassium Ions
    - Calcium Ions
    - Phosphate and Sulfate Ions
55
Q

kidney stone

A

Nephrolith

56
Q

Excessive accumulation of urine in the renal pelvis due to obstruction of a ureter

A

Hydronephrosis

57
Q

inability to expel urine

A

Urinary Retention

58
Q

disorder characterized by hardening of kidney tissue

A

Nephrosclerosis

59
Q

Inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney

A

Pyelonephritis

60
Q
  • A person gets hypotensive/low blood pressure
  • Stimulates the secretion of RENIN from the kidney
  • Stimulates the release of ANGIOTENSINOGEN
  • Converts into ANGIONTENSIN I
  • Converts into ANGIOTENSIN II
  • Stimulates the release of ALDOSTERONE from the ADRENAL CORTEX.
A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism (RAA System)

61
Q

Increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, as a result, water reabsorption increases.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone Mechanism (ADH)

Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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