Lymphatic system (immunity)

Question 1

the ability to resist damage from pathogens

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

Immunity can be categorized as __________ and _________.

Answer 2

Innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Question 3

also called nonspecific immunity, wherein the body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed

Answer 3

Innate immunity

Question 4

also called specific immunity, wherein the body recognizes and destroys foreign substances, but the response to them is faster and stronger each time the foreign substance is encountered.

Answer 4

Adaptive immunity

Question 5

the characteristics of adaptive immunity but not of innate immunity

Answer 5

specificity and memory

Question 6

the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

Answer 6

specificity

Question 7

the ability of adaptive immunity to “remember” previous encounters with a particular substance

Answer 7

memory

Question 8

the response in adaptive immunity is _____, ______, and ______ than innate immunity

Answer 8

faster; stronger; longer-lasting.

Question 9

__________ includes body defenses that are present at birth and genetically determined, while ________ includes body defenses that are acquired through a person’s lifetime, depending on exposure to different
microorganisms.

Answer 9

innate immunity; adaptive immunity

Question 10

The main components of innate immunity are (1) _________ that prevent microbes from entering the body or that physically remove them from body surfaces; (2) _________ that act directly against microorganisms or activate other mechanisms, leading to the destruction of the microorganisms; and (3) ____________________.

Answer 10

1. physical/surface barriers
2. chemical mediators
3. cells involved in phagocytosis and the production of chemicals that participate in the immune response.

Question 11

The body’s first line of defese, such as the skin and mucous membranes, that prevents microorganisms and chemicals from entering the body.

Answer 11

Physical/surface barriers

Question 12

Examples of how surface barriers remove microorganisms and other substances from the body

Answer 12

The substances are washed from the eyes by tears, from the mouth by saliva, and from the urinary tract by urine.

Question 13

are molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

Answer 13

chemical mediators

Question 13

chemical mediators on the surface of cells that kill microorganisms or prevent them from entering the cell

Answer 13

lysozyme, sebum, and mucus,

Question 13

chemical mediators that promote inflammation by causing vasodilation and increasing vascular permeability, attract white blood cells, and stimulate phagocytosis.

Answer 13

histamine, complement, and eicosanoids

Question 14

proteins or peptides secreted by cells that bind to receptors on cell surfaces,
stimulating a response; regulate the intensity and duration of immune responses and stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of cells.

Answer 14

Cytokines

Question 15

Examples of cytokines

Answer 15

interferons, interleukins, and lymphokines

Question 16

-the most abundant type of white blood cell
-small, phagocytic cells produced in large numbers in red bone marrow and released into the blood
-usually the first cells to enter infected tissues from the blood in large numbers
-become phagocytic on encountering infectious material in the tissues
-eventually self-destruct after killing the pathogen and become pus
-release chemical signals, such as cytokines and chemotactic factors, that increase the inflammatory response by recruiting and activating other immune cells.

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

• “big eaters” large phagocytic cells
• Most effective phagocyte; responsible for most of the phagocytic activity in the late stages of an infection
• are derived from white blood cells called monocytes that leave the blood stream and enter the tissues
• located beneath the free surfaces of the body, provide protection in these areas by trapping and destroying microorganisms entering the tissues

Answer 17

Macrophage

Question 18

an accumulation of dead neutrophils, dead microorganisms, debris
from dead tissue, and fluid

Answer 18

pus

Question 19

white blood cells derived from red bone marrow; are motile cells that can leave the blood and enter infected tissues

Answer 19

basophil

Question 20

cells filled with basophil granules that are present in tissues and release histamines that help cause vasodilation in response to wound, infection, or irritant; nonmotile cells in connective tissue, especially near
capillaries

Answer 20

mast cells

Question 21

• white blood cells.
• increases in response to parasitic infections.
• secrete enzymes that effectively kill some parasites.
• greatly increase in the case of an allergic reaction with much inflammation.

Answer 21

Eosinophils

Question 22

• part of a small group of large granular lymphocytes
• account for up to 15% of lymphocytes
• recognize classes of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells in general, rather than specific tumor cells or cells infected by a specific virus
• not phagocytic: kill by directly contacting the target cell, inducing it to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), or by releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes and cause the cells to lyse

Answer 22

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Question 23

- Anti-microbial proteins released by virus-infected cells and certain lymphocytes - act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover - mobilize the immune system - proteins that interfere with virus production and infection - bind to the surface of neighboring cells and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins - protect against viral infection

Answer 23

Interferons

Question 24

A group of bloodborne proteins that protect the body by destroying abnormal cells or enhancing other components of immunity, when activated: - lyse microorganisms - enhance phagocytosis by opsonization - intensify inflammatory and other immune responses - attract immune system cells to sites of infection and promote inflammation

Answer 24

Complement

Question 25

Complement proteins can also attach to the surface of bacterial cells and stimulate macrophages to phagocytize the bacteria. This process is called ___________.

Answer 25

Interferons

Question 26

s the endocytosis and destruction of particles by cells called phagocytes

Answer 26

Phagocytosis

Question 27

Complex biological process by which body responds to pathogens and irritants

Answer 27

Inflammatory response

Question 28

the ability of moving towards the source of substances or the directed migration of cells towards a chemoattractant.

Answer 28

chemotaxis

Question 29

The chemical mediators produce several effects: (1) ________ increases blood flow, bringing phagocytes and other white blood cells to the area; (2) __________ and other white blood cells leave the blood and enter the tissue; (3) increased _________ allows fibrinogen and complement to enter the tissue from the blood

Answer 29

1. Vasodilation 2. phagocytes 3. vascular permeability

Question 30

- Systemic response to invading microorganisms initiated by pyrogens - high body temperature inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes - increases the metabolic rate of tissue cells in general, speeding up repair processes

Answer 30

fever

Question 31

.an inflammatory response confined to a specific area of the body. Its symptoms include redness, heat, and swelling due to increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability, as well as pain caused by swelling and by chemical mediators acting on pain receptors.

Answer 31

Local inflammation

Question 32

an inflammatory response that occurs in many parts of the body

Answer 32

Systemic inflammation

Question 33

- can recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance - the system must first “meet” or be primed by initial exposure to a specific foreign substance (antigen) before it can protect the body against that substance.

Answer 33

Adaptive immunity

Question 34

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity

Answer 34

antigens

Question 35

antigens not produced by the body but are introduced from outside

Answer 35

foreign antigens

Question 36

an overreaction of the immune system in some people

Answer 36

allergic reaction

Question 37

molecules the body produces to stimulate an adaptive immune system response. The response to it can be beneficial or harm

Answer 37

Self-antigens

Question 38

can develop when self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissue destruction

Answer 38

autoimmune disease

Question 39

Protection against extracellular antigens; primary cells involved are B cells which produce antibodies - involves the production of antibodies in response to extracellular antigens

Answer 39

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

Question 40

Protection against intracellular antigens; involves T-cells; cytokines are primary secretory products

Answer 40

Cell-mediated imunity

Question 41

_________ are responsible for producing the effects of cell-mediated immunity. __________ and _________ can promote or inhibit the activities of both antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Answer 41

cytotoxic T cells; Helper T cells; regulatory T cells

Question 42

- unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen - prevent the immune system from responding to self-antigens

Answer 42

Tolerance

Question 43

Y-shaped proteins produced in response to an antigen - also called immunoglobulins (Ig), because they are globulin proteins involved in immunity. - its five classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD

Answer 43

Antibodies

Question 44

- includes a series of cell divisions, cell differentiation, and antibody production - caused by the first exposure of a B cell to an antigen for which it is specific \

Answer 44

primary response

Question 45

- also called memory response, occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen against which it has already produced a primary response - provides better protection than the primary response - includes the formation of new memory B cells, which protect against additional exposures to the antigen

Answer 45

secondary response

Question 46

lyse cells and produce cytokines

Answer 46

cytotoxic T cells

Question 47

Four types of adaptive immunity

Answer 47

1. active natural 2. active artificial 3. passive natural 4. passive artificial

Question 48

occurs when another person or an animal develops immunity and the immunity is transferred to a non-immune individual

Answer 48

passive immunity

Question 49

implies that contact with an antigen or antibody occurs as part of everyday living and is not deliberate

Answer 49

natural exposure

Question 50

also called immunization, is the deliberate introduction of an antigen or antibody into the bod

Answer 50

artificial exposure

Question 51

_______ immunity can last longer than ___________ immunity

Answer 51

active; passive

Question 52

results from natural exposure to an antigen, such as a disease-causing microorganism, that stimulates the immune system to respond against the antigen. Because the individual is not immune during the first exposure, he or she usually develops the symptoms of the disease

Answer 52

Active natural immunity

Question 53

an antigen is deliberately introduced into an individual to stimulate the immune system. This process is called vaccination, and the introduced antigen is a vaccine that is usually administered by injection

Answer 53

Active artificial immunity

Question 53

is achieved by administering specific antibodies or antiserum from one individual to another unimmunized individual, for a particular antigen

Answer 53

passive artificial immunity

Question 53

results when antibodies are transferred from a mother to her child across the placenta before birth

Answer 53

passive natural immunity

Question 54

Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels often results in visible red streaks in the skin that extend from the site of infection

Answer 54

LYMPHANGITIS

Question 55

Inflammation of the lymph nodes; nodes become enlarged and tender as pathogens are trapped and destroyed

Answer 55

LYMPHADENITIS

Question 56

Serious bacterial infection that is transmitted primarily by flea bites (from fleas found in rats) which results in a swollen and inflamed lymph node in the armpit or groin

Answer 56

BUBONIC PLAGUE

Question 56

Abnormal accumulation of lymph in tissues, caused by long, slender roundworms transferred to humans by mosquito bites; adult worms lodge in lymphatic vessels and block lymph flow, so that a limb can become permanently swollen and enlarged.

Answer 56

ELEPHANTIASIS