Endocrine Part 2

Question 1

how do thyroid hormones regulate basal metabolic rate

Answer 1

positively

Question 2

exogenous administration of thyroid hormone does what

Answer 2

restores normal bone growth

Question 3

lack of iodine during pregnancy can lead to ?

Answer 3

crietinism

Question 4

when will you see a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland and goiter

Answer 4

hypothyroidism

Question 5

where are the “goiter belts”

Answer 5

1. Great Lakes

2. mountainous regions of the Alps, Andes, and HImalayas

Question 6

when there is a goiter, on a histological slide there will be follicular cell hyperplasia that will form papillations that extend to what

Answer 6

the lumen

Question 7

graves disease is an autoimmune disease that is what?

Answer 7

hyperthyroidism

Question 8

when will there be an increased level of thyroxine and hyperplasia of the thyroid gland follicular epithelium

Answer 8

hyperthyroidism

Question 9

what do patients clinically present with when they have hyperthyroidism

Answer 9

heart palpitations and tachycardia and exophtalamoses ( bulging of the eyes)

Question 10

where is the parathyroid gland located

Answer 10

on the posterior surface of the thyroid

Question 11

what does paratormone do

Answer 11

increases blood calcium level

Question 12

parathormone has receptors on what bone cell

Answer 12

osteoblasts

Question 13

what are scattered throughout the parathyroid gland and increase as you age

Answer 13

adipocytes

Question 14

what is the parathyroid gland derived from embryologically?

Answer 14

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches

Question 15

what are the 2 cells in the parathyroid ( excluding adipocytes)

Answer 15

• principal cells

- oxyphil cells

Question 16

what is another name for the principle cells in the parathyroid gland

Answer 16

chief cells

Question 17

what cell in the parathyroid is small with a large nucleus and secrete parathormone

Answer 17

cheif cells ( principle cells)

Question 18

what cells in the parathyroid are large and have a small nucleus and a centrally placed nuclei.

Answer 18

oxyphil cells

Question 19

what is the function of oxyphil cells

Answer 19

unknown

Question 20

how are oxyphil cells grouped? what do they look like on a slide

Answer 20

clusters

Question 21

what kind of staining are oxyphil cells

Answer 21

eosinophillic

Question 22

parathormone and calcitonin are examples of what hormones, becuase they either decrease or increases calcium in serum

Answer 22

calcitropic hormones

Question 23

parathyroid hormone does what for bone resorption

Answer 23

enhances it

Question 24

calcitonin lowers what two things

Answer 24

blood calcium and phosphorus levels

Question 25

what is another name for adrenal gland

Answer 25

supra renal gland

Question 26

what are the two major parts of the supra renal gland

Answer 26

cortex and medulla

Question 27

what makes up the cortex of the adrenal gland

Answer 27

- zona glomerulosa - zona faciculata - zona reticularis

Question 28

what happens to hormones in the medulla of the adrenal gland

Answer 28

they are stored in the form of granules

Question 29

what part of the adrenal gland secretes hormones

Answer 29

the cortex

Question 30

what is made in the zona glomerulosa

Answer 30

mineralocorticoids

Question 31

what is made in the zona fasciculata

Answer 31

glucocorticoids

Question 32

what is made in the zona reticularis

Answer 32

weak androgens

Question 33

what do the cells in the cortex of the adrenal gland have an abundence of

Answer 33

- mitochondria - lipid - SER

Question 34

what causes the reabsorptin of sodium and cloride and helps increase blood volume and blood pressure will increase? what layer of the adrenal cortex makes this

Answer 34

mineralocor-ticoids zona glomerulosa

Question 35

what helps in the metabolism of glucose

Answer 35

glucocorticoids

Question 36

zona fasciculata makes weak what

Answer 36

androgens

Question 37

what is the main place that makes weak androgen

Answer 37

zona reticularis

Question 38

zona reticualris makes some what?

Answer 38

glucocorticoids

Question 39

the mitochondria in the part of the cortex that secrete steriods are what

Answer 39

tubular crytsal ( crista is in tubular form)

Question 40

what are the cells like in the zona g

Answer 40

rounded in clusters

Question 41

what are the cells like in the zona f? what is between them

Answer 41

straight cords and there are blood vessels between them

Question 42

what are the cells like in zona r and what is in the space between them

Answer 42

they are branched chords and there are blood vessels between them

Question 43

what are the cells in the zona f called becuase the lipid droplets get washed off whe the slide is being prepared so these cells look like there are empty spaces making them look like sponges

Answer 43

spongiocytes

Question 44

cells in the zona f will have what three things

Answer 44

SER lipid droplets tubular mitochondria

Question 45

what are the smalles of the secratory cells in the adrenal cortex

Answer 45

zona reticularis

Question 46

where is an area that women will have some androgen

Answer 46

in their adrenal cortex, zona r

Question 47

what is the weak androgen that the zona r makes

Answer 47

dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 48

the cells in the medulla are what kind of staining

Answer 48

pale

Question 49

what is the zona g stimulated by

Answer 49

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

Question 50

what are the modified post ganglioninc sympathetic neurons that lack axons and dendrites

Answer 50

chromaffin cells

Question 51

where did the medulla originate from

Answer 51

neural crest cells

Question 52

what do the teo classes of cells secrete in the medulla of the adrenal gland

Answer 52

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 53

what are the yellow brown cells that stain with chromic salts

Answer 53

chromaffin cells

Question 54

what are the cells in the adrenal medulla that do not have axons or dendrites called

Answer 54

pheochromocytes

Question 55

in what disease is the adrenal gland destryoyed and it can be caused by either autoimmune or TB

Answer 55

addisons disease

Question 56

why does ACTH increase in addison's disease

Answer 56

becuase there is no negative feeback loop going to the adenohypophysis to tell it to stop secreting ACTH

Question 57

lack of mineralcorticoids from the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal gland in addisons disease will cause what

Answer 57

hypotension and circulatory shock

Question 58

when there is no cortisol being secreted like in addisons disease what happens

Answer 58

muscle weakness

Question 59

why will the patient have hyperpigmentation of the skin in addisons disease

Answer 59

becuase there will be an increase in ACTH and they are derived from principle cell and that cell also produces MSH so the melancyets will be `stimulated

Question 60

what is it when ACTH produces a tumor of the anterior pituritary

Answer 60

cushing's disease

Question 61

what increases in Cushing's Disease when ACTH increases

Answer 61

cortisol and androgen

Question 62

what is the disease when there is an actual functional tumor of the adrenal cortex

Answer 62

cushing's syndrome

Question 63

in cushing disease what will happen to ACTH what will happen to it in Cushing's Syndroe

Answer 63

decreases increase

Question 64

what are the major hormones that are secreted in the pancreas in the islets of langerhann?

Answer 64

-glucogen and insulin

Question 65

alpha cells in the islets of langerhann make what

Answer 65

glucoagon

Question 66

what separates the exocrine and endocrine pancrease

Answer 66

reticular fibers

Question 67

beta cells in the pancrease secrete what

Answer 67

insulin

Question 68

what does insulin do

Answer 68

it causes the entry of the glucose into the cells and decreases blood sugar levels

Question 69

what do the delta cells in the islets of lang make

Answer 69

somatostatin

Question 70

what inhibts the release of other paracreatic hormones by paracrine action

Answer 70

somatostatin

Question 71

what is another name for the pineal gland?

Answer 71

epithalamus

Question 72

what is the evagination from the posterior region of the thrid ventricle rook

Answer 72

pineal gland

Question 73

what is another name for brain sand

Answer 73

- basophilic bodies | - copora arenacea

Question 74

what are the cheif cells in the pineal gland claled

Answer 74

pinealocytes

Question 75

what are the two cells in the pineal gland called

Answer 75

pinealocytes and neuroglial cells

Question 76

where is the pineal gland derived from

Answer 76

diencephalon

Question 77

what tends to accumulte with age and have no function in the pineal gland

Answer 77

basophilic bodies or brain sand

Question 78

glycoprotein concentrations in the pineal gland are also called

Answer 78

basophilick bodies

Question 79

what have large rounded nuclei and prominent nucleioli

Answer 79

pinealocytes

Question 80

what do pinealocytes have that are branched that extend to the blood vessels

Answer 80

cytoplasmic process

Question 81

what have elongated nuclei and darkly stained cytoplasm

Answer 81

neural glial cells in the pineal gland

Question 82

what is made in the pineal gland

Answer 82

melatonin and serotonin

Question 83

what is responsible for circadian rhythms

Answer 83

pineal gland

Question 84

what are the main cells that make the hormone in the pineal gland

Answer 84

pinealocytes

Question 85

what hormone makes you feel happy and regulates your mood

Answer 85

serotonin

Question 86

what helps with digestion adn sexual activity

Answer 86

serotonin