ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

is composed of a group of tissues that produce
hormones directly into circulation to travel and act on distant target
tissues/organs

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

is typically a ductless gland (e.g.
pituitary, thyroid) that releases its hormones into
capillaries that permeate the tissue

Answer 2

endocrine tissue

Question 3

act on their target cells by
binding to receptors located on the cell surface; e.g.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary,
insulin from the pancreas, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 3

protein/polypeptide hormones

Question 4

are cholesterol
derivatives, and include products of the adrenal cortex, ovaries, and testes,
as well as the related molecule vitamin D. These hormones are rapidly
synthesized from cholesterol by series of enzymatic reactions and stored
intracellularly in the tissue of origin

Answer 4

steroid hormones

Question 5

made by chemical

modification of amino acids, mainly tyrosine

Answer 5

Modified Amino Acid Hormones

Question 6

• links the nervous system to the endocrine system
  via the pituitary gland
• is responsible for the regulation of
  certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous
  system.

Answer 6

Hypothalamus

Question 7

hormones of hypothalamus

- stimulates ACTH release (adenohypophysis)

Answer 7

Corticotropin-RH

Question 8

hormones of hypothalamus

- stimulates FSH, LH release (adenohypophysis)

Answer 8

Gonadotropin-RH

Question 9

hormones of hypothalamus

- stimulates GH release (adenohypophysis)

Answer 9

Growth Hormone-RH

Question 10

hormones of hypothalamus

- somatostatin; inhibits GH release (adenohypophysis)

Answer 10

GH-inhibiting hormone

Question 11

hormones of hypothalamus

- stimulates TSH release (adenohypophysis)

Answer 11

Thyrotropin-RH

Question 12

hormones of hypothalamus

- dopamine; Inhibits prolactin release (adenohypophysis)

Answer 12

Prolactin-IH

Question 13

• it is anatomically and functionally related to the
  hypothalamus. It also called hypophysis, is an essential gland of the body
  and sometimes referred to as the “master gland”, because it can control
  several of the other hormone glands
• bean-sized organ suspended from
  the hypothalamus by a stem called the infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

Answer 13

Pituitary Gland

Question 14

lobes of pituitary gland
- composed of
neural tissue

Answer 14

posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis)

Question 15

lobes of pituitary gland
- composed of
glandular tissue

Answer 15

anterior pituitary (or adenohypophysis)

Question 16

lobes of pituitary gland
- between the posterior and anterior
lobes, synthesizes and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).

Answer 16

intermediate lobe

Question 17

Neurohypophysis Hormones
- stimulates uterine contraction, milk let-down (uterus, mammary
glands)

Answer 17

Oxytocin

Question 18

Neurohypophysis Hormones
- vasopressin; conserves water, reduces urine volume (kidney);
constricts vessels to raise blood pressure (arterioles)

Answer 18

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 19

Adenohypophysis Hormones - stimulates cortical development, glucocorticoid release (adrenal
cortex)

Answer 19

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 20

Adenohypophysis Hormones - stimulates follicular development (ovary), 
sperm development (testes)

Answer 20

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 21

Adenohypophysis Hormones - lutropin; stimulates ovulation, development of corpus luteum,
secretion by corpus luteum (ovary), secretion of androgens (testes)

Answer 21

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 22

Adenohypophysis Hormones - somatotropin; Promotes growth in immature animals; metabolic
effects on carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism in adults

Answer 22

Growth hormone (GH)

Question 23

Adenohypophysis Hormones - stimulates release of thyroid hormones (follicular cells of thyroid
gland)

Answer 23

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 24

Adenohypophysis Hormones - promotes lactation (mammary gland), maternal behavior (central
nervous system)

Answer 24

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 25

are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top (cranial) on both kidneys. They produce hormones that help in regulating metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and responses to stress, and other essential functions

Answer 25

Adrenal Gland

Question 26

each adrenal gland has an ________ that secretes steroid hormones

Answer 26

outer cortex

Question 27

each adrenal gland has an ________ that secretes adrenaline

Answer 27

inner medulla

Question 28

``` Adrenal Cortex Hormones - essential for normal response to stress; important roles in protein, carbohydrate metabolism (multiple organs including liver) ```

Answer 28

Glucocorticoids

Question 29

Adrenal Cortex Hormones | - aldosterone; conserve Na, eliminate K (kidney)

Answer 29

Mineralocorticoids

Question 30

Adrenal Medulla Hormones - augments sympathetic response to stress by actions on several organs

Answer 30

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 31

is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the base of the neck.

Answer 31

Thyroid Gland

Question 32

cells of thyroid gland - produce hormones responsible in controlling metabolism

Answer 32

follicular cells

Question 33

cells of thyroid gland - produce hormone responsible in calcium (Ca) regulation.

Answer 33

parafollicular cells

Question 34

Thyroid Follicular Cells | - increases oxygen consumption, ATP generation (almost all cells)

Answer 34

- Triiodothyronine (T3) | - Thyroxine (T4)

Question 35

Thyroid Parafollicular Cells | - promotes calcium retention (bone)

Answer 35

Calcitonin

Question 36

are embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid glands. They produce hormones important in regulating Ca in the body.

Answer 36

Parathyroid Gland

Question 37

Parathyroid hormone - promotes increase in plasma calcium, reduction in plasma phosphate (bone, kidney)

Answer 37

Parathyroid hormone

Question 38

``` involves a response that is the reverse of the change detected (it functions to reduce the change) ```

Answer 38

negative feedback mechanism

Question 39

involves a response that | reinforces the change observed – by amplifying the change.

Answer 39

positive feedback mechanism