RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
- involves chemical and physical processes by which an
organism exchanges gasses with the environment - osmotic and chemical process
A
Respiration
2
Q
also called breathing, refers to the process of air flow into the lungs during
inhalation (inspiration) and out of the lungs during exhalation (expiration)
A
pulmonary ventilation
3
Q
refers to the movement of air in and out of the alveoli
A
Alveolar ventilation
4
Q
brought by cellular respiration that
involves metabolic reactions such converting chemical energy from oxygen
or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), then release of waste
products
A
oxygen utilization
5
Q
- (oxygen and carbon dioxide) across a membrane in
the lungs - oxygen diffuses from the air capillaries into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the air capillaries
A
gas exchanges
6
Q
involving ventilation and gas
exchange in the lungs
A
external respiration
7
Q
gas exchange between
the blood and other tissues.
A
internal respiration
8
Q
structures of respiratory system (7)
A
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- pulmonary alveoli
9
Q
division based on location (2)
A
- upper respiratory
- lower respiratory
10
Q
includes nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx
A
upper respiratory
11
Q
includes trachea and lungs
A
lower respiratory
12
Q
division based on function (2)
A
- conducting divisions
- respiratory division
13
Q
includes nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
A
conducting divisions
14
Q
includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs, and pulmonary alveoli
A
respiratory division
15
Q
envelope the lungs and form vacuum chambers around the lungs
A
two pleural sacs
16
Q
including associated muscles
A
thoracic cage
17
Q
a dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs, and separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities
A
diaphragm
18
Q
thoracic volume ______ during inspiration and ______ during expiration
A
increasing - decreasing
19
Q
occur when more air is needed than movement of the diaphragm produces
A
costal or thoracic breathing
20
Q
occurs during ordinary quiet breathing
A
abdominal or diaphragmatic breathing
21
Q
refers to a normal quiet respiration
A
eupnea
22
Q
refers to difficulty in breathing
A
dyspnea
23
Q
refers to absence or cessation of respiration
A
apnea
24
Q
refers to increased dept or rate of breathing or both
A
hyperpnea
25
refers to a rapid, shallow breathing
polypnea
26
upper respiratory tract (4)
- nose
- paranasal sinuses
- pharynx
- larynx
27
- is embodied within the skeleton of the face
- extends from about the transverse level of the eyes to the rostral extremity of
the head
nose
28
part of the nose that is rostral to the eyes
facial part
29
part of the nose that is dorsal to the mouth
oral part
30
the external openings of the respiratory tract
external nares or nostrils
31
nose of horse
- lacks planum nasale
| - covered with fine hair
32
nose of large ruminants (ox, cattle, carabao)
nasolabial planum forming the muzzle
33
nose of small ruminants (sheep and goat) and dogs
only have planum nasale
34
nose of pigs
distinct planum rostrale, corresponds to the snout that supports the rostral bone
35
a deep median groove than can be observed that divides the upper lip of small ruminants
philtrum
36
is separated from the mouth by the hard and soft palates, and separated into two isolated halves by a medial nasal spectrum
nasal cavity
37
a thin scroll-like (dorsal, ventral, and ethmoidal) and also known as turbinate bones
nasal concha
38
a mucous membrane lining the ethmoidal conchae
olfactory epithelium
39
(dorsal, middle, ventral, and common), referring to the air passages created by the turbinate bones
nasal meatus
40
an unpaired facial bone located midsagittal and articulates with the palatine process of the maxillary bone
vomer
41
- are air-filled cavities that communicate with the nasal cavity
- can be found in the maxillary, frontal, sphenoidal, and palatine bones
- may provide some protection and insulation to the head
paranasal sinuses
42
is the common soft tissue conduit (passageway), for food and air, located caudal to the oral and nasal cavities
pharynx
43
the opening structure of pharynx includes (5)
- two caudal nares (choanae)
- two auditory tube from the middle ears
- oral cavity
- larynx
- esophagus
44
regulates the size of the airway and protects it to prevent substance (especially during swallowing food) other than air from entering the trachea
larynx
45
organ of phonation (vocalization)
voice box
46
unpaired cartilages of larynx (3)
- cricoid cartilage
- thyroid cartilage
- epiglottic cartilage
47
paired cartilages of larynx (2)
- arytenoid cartilage
| - corniculate cartilage
48
signet ring-shaped; rostral to the 1st tracheal ring
cricoid cartilage
49
resembles a taco shell; adam's apple in human
thyroid cartilage
50
leaf-shaped; most rostral part
epiglottic cartilage
51
rostral to the cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
52
horn-shaped cartilage
corniculate cartilage
53
lower respiratory tract (3)
- trachea
- bronchus (i)
- alveolus (i)
54
- is a flexible, cartilaginous, and membranous tube that connects the larynx and bronchi
- bifurcates at the level of the base of the heart into right and left bronchi
trachea or windpipe
55
may branch-off at the level of the third intercostal space
third bronchus
56
is composed of a series of C-shaped hyaline cartilage that
provide cross-sectional rigidity to resist collapse and are joined one to another
by elastic annular ligaments that permit the trachea considerable flexibility to
follow movement of the neck.
tracheal tube
57
conducts air into the lungs
bronchus
58
branch from the trachea are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus
the first (primary) bronchi
59
are narrower branches that bifurcate from the primary bronchi to the different lobes of the lungs
the secondary (lobar) bronchi
60
are branches of the secondary bronchi which are narrower and located in the different segments of each lobe
the tertiary (segmental) bronchi
61
are continuation of the bronchi that are too narrow to be supported by cartilages
bronchioles
62
terminal bronchioles with alveoli along their walls
respiratory bronchioles
63
are the last generation of conducting airways
terminal bronchioles
64
clusters of air sacs
alveoli
65
are sacs of many alveoli, which are the cells that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
alveolar sacs
66
bounded cranially by the first pair of ribs, the first thoracic vertebra, and the cranial part of the sternum; dorsally by the thoracic vertebrae; ventrally by the sternum; laterally by the ribs and costal cartilages; caudally by the diaphragm
thorax or chest
67
is a serous membrane investing the lungs and lining the walls of the thoracic cavity
pleura
68
are two layers (visceral and parietal) of
serous membrane sac that surround each lung and attach them to
the thoracic cavity
pulmonary pleurae
69
covers the surface of the lungs
visceral pleura
70
is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
71
is the serous membrane that covers the ribs, costal
| cartilages, and including the intercostal muscles
costal pleura
72
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is the serous membrane that lines the
convex surface (referring to the thoracic side) of the diaphragm
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diaphragmatic pleura
73
is the portion of the parietal pleura that lines
| the mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
74
contains the heart, thymus,
| portion of the esophagus, and trachea, and other structures
mediastinum
75
refers to the pleura in
the region of the cervical vertebrae extending beyond the apex of
the lungs and into the neck
cervical pleura or cupula pleura
76
- are paired organ (right and left) that occupy the thoracic
cavity, and covered by the pulmonary pleura
- are roughly conical
with the base resting against the cranial surface of the diaphragm and the
apex in or close to the thoracic inlet
lungs
77
right lobes of lungs (4)
- apical lobe
- middle lobe
- diaphragmatic lobe
- accessory lobe
78
left lobes of lungs (2)
- apical lobe
| - diaphragmatic lobe
79
cranial lobe; ventral to the trachea; partially divided into cranial and caudal part
right lobe apical lobe
80
cardiac lobe; presents costal surface
middle lobe
81
caudal lobe; largest lobe
right lobe diaphragmatic lobe
82
intermediate lobe
accessory lobe
83
cranial lobe; partially divided into cranial and caudal part - well developed in ox; not complete in the sheep and goat
left lobe apical lobe
84
caudal lobe
left lobe diaphragmatic lobe
85
is the process by
which air is moved into
(inspiration) and out of
(expiration) the lungs.
ventilation
86
is a mechanism to dissipate heat; characterized by an increased
ventilator rate, but with a reduced tidal volume (volume of air moved
during each breath)
panting
87
refers to the upper airways that are not sites of
| gas exchange
anatomic dead space
88
includes the anatomic dead space and any
| alveoli in which normal gas exchanges cannot occur
physiologic dead space
89
refers to the total rate of airflow into and out of the
lungs; includes the airflow through the tracheobronchial tree and to both
the functional alveoli and non-functional alveoli
minute ventilation rate
90
refers to the rate of air-flow into
and out of the functioning
alveoli
Alveolar ventilation rate
91
as the concentration is much lower in the
| alveolus than in the blood
CO2 moves into the alveolus
92
as the continuous flow
of blood through the capillaries prevents saturation of the blood with O2 and allows
maximal transfer across the membrane
O2 moves out of the alveolus
93
are part of a unidirectional circuit that includes a series of
non-respiratory (lacking gas exchange surfaces) air sacs and airflow is created by
movements of the sternum rather than through contraction of a muscular diaphragm
avian lungs
94
the organ of phonation that is located at the distal end of the trachea before the portion of the bronchi
syrinx
95
are unilobed
| and lie adjacent to and deeply invested in the thoracic vertebrae.
lungs (avian respiratory system)
96
are blind-ended expansions of the respiratory tree with walls
composed of connective tissues covered externally by serosa
air sacs
97
a median, unpaired, somewhat triangular air sac
connected to the secondary bronchi of both lungs. It lies in between the
angle of two limbs of the furcular (wishbone)
Interclavicular
98
a pair of small cervical air sacs arises anteriorly, one from each
lung
Cervical
99
arises from the side of each lung, lies at ventral side of
| lung in the anterior portion of the thorax.
Anterior thoracic
100
a pair of small air sacs found in the posterior part of
| the thoracic cavity just in front of abdominal sacs.
Posterior thoracic
101
a large air sac from the distal end of each lung.
abdominal
102
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gives off
branches to air sacs and
also gives off several
secondary bronchi which
may be distinguished as
dorsal, ventral and lateral
according to their position
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mesobronchus
103
(dorsal and ventral) then
branch into tertiary
bronchi or parabronchi.
secondary bronchi
