ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

True or false. Endocrine and nervous system compliment each other

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The endocrine system relies on the production and release of hormones from various glands transport of hormones via the ___

Answer 2

Bloodstream

Question 3

the scientific study of hormones and endocrine organs

Answer 3

Endocrinology

Question 4

Hormones are classified chemically as: (3)

Answer 4

Amino-acid based, steroids, prostaglandins

Question 5

Hormones that are proteins, peptides, and amines

Answer 5

Amino-acid based

Question 6

Hormones made from cholesterol

Answer 6

Steroids

Question 7

Hormones made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones

Answer 7

Prostaglandins

Question 8

How do specific hormones only affect certain tissues or organs?

Answer 8

Presence of target cells that have specific protein receptors

Question 9

Hormone levels in the blood are maintained mostly by?

Answer 9

negative feedback

Question 10

What triggers the release of more hormone?

Answer 10

A stimulus or low hormone levels in the blood

Question 11

Most common category of stimulus. Endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

Answer 11

Hormonal stimuli

Question 12

Changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release

Answer 12

Humoral stimuli

Question 13

What are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels?

Answer 13

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 14

What is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels?

Answer 14

Insulin

Question 15

Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release. Most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

Neural stimuli

Question 16

All glands have purely endocrine functions except?

Answer 16

Pancreas and gonads (they both have endocrine and exocrine)

Question 17

Pea-sized glands that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain

Answer 17

Pituitary gland

Question 18

Protects the pituitary gland

Answer 18

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 19

Glandular tissue that produces a total of 6 pituitary hormones

Answer 19

Anterior pituitary

Question 20

general metabolic hormone ; major effects are directed to growth of skeletal muscles & long bones

Answer 20

Growth hormone

Question 21

usually result from tumors of the affected gland; hypersecretion of GH during childhood

Answer 21

Gigantism

Question 22

due to hyposecretion of GH during childhood; maximum adult height is 4 feet

Answer 22

Dwarfism

Question 23

stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth

Answer 23

Prolactin

Question 24

stimulates follicle development in ovaries (for estrogen production and preparation for ovulation) ; stimulates sperm development in testes

Answer 24

Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 25

triggers ovulation of an egg in females (for progesterone production & some estrogen); stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells in males

Answer 25

Luteinizing hormone

Question 26

Hyposecretion of FSH and LH

Answer 26

Sterility

Question 27

influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

Answer 27

thyroid-stimulating / thyrotropic hormone

Question 28

regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

Answer 28

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 29

Does not make the hormones it releases and stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

Answer 29

Posterior pituitary

Question 30

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, and breastfeedings

Answer 30

Oxytocin

Question 31

causes milk ejection in a breastfeeding woman and stops poast-partum bleeding

Answer 31

Oxytocin

Question 32

inhibits urine production (diuresis) by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys, urine volume decreases while blood pressure increases

Answer 32

Antidiuretic

Question 33

Large amounts of antidiuretic causes ___, leading to increased blood pressure

Answer 33

Constriction of arterioles

Question 34

Often called the master endocrine gland

Answer 34

Pituitary gland

Question 35

produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

Answer 35

Hypothalamus

Question 36

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are carried to posterior pituitary via ___ for storage, they are later released into the blood in response from nerve impulses from the hypothalamus

Answer 36

Neurosecretory cells

Question 37

small, o-shaped gland that hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

Answer 37

Pineal gland

Question 38

believed to trigger the body’s sleep/wake cycle, known as sleep trigger, and believed to coordinate the hormones of fertility in humans and to inhibit the reproductive system until maturity occurs

Answer 38

Melatonin

Question 39

found at the base of the throat, inferior to the adam’s apple. fairly large gland that consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

Answer 39

Thyroid gland

Question 40

major metabolic hormone; controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy ( form of ATP); needed for tissue growth and development (specially in reproductive and nervous system)

Answer 40

Thyroid hormone

Question 41

major hormone secreted by thyroid follicles

Answer 41

Thyroxine (t4)

Question 42

formed at target tissues; conversion of T4 at target tissues

Answer 42

Triiodothyronine (t3)

Question 43

is the enlargement of the thyroid gland which results from the deficiency of iodine from an individual’s diet

Answer 43

Goiter

Question 44

Hyposecretion of thyroxine may cause lack of stimulation of thyroid stimulating hormone, if it occurs in early childhood, what will occur?

Answer 44

Cretinism

Question 45

in adults, this results in myxedema (characterized by both physical and mental sluggishness; mental impairment does not occur); other signs are puffiness of the face, fatigue, poor muscle tone, no body temp. (always cold), obesity, and dry skin

Answer 45

Hypothyroidism

Question 46

generally results from a tumor of a thyroid gland; may be treated surgically by removing the part of the thyroid or chemically with thyroid-blocking drugs or radioactive iodine which destroys some of the thyroid cells

Answer 46

Hyperthyroidism

Question 47

is a condition wherein the eyes bulges or protrude anteriorly

Answer 47

Exophthalmos

Question 48

one form of hyperthyroidism, overproduction of thyroid hormone

Answer 48

Grave's disease

Question 49

hypocalcemic hormone; decreases blood calcium ion levels by causing calcium deposition on bone

Answer 49

Calcitonin

Question 50

Found between the follicles that produces calcitonin

Answer 50

Parafollicular cells

Question 51

True or false. Calcitonin stops when you reach adulthood

Answer 51

True

Question 52

located in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum. largest in infants and children and decreases in size throughout adulthood

Answer 52

Thymus

Question 53

Thymus produces what hormone?

Answer 53

Thymosin

Question 54

sit on top of the kidneys (like triangular hats) and has parts made of glandular (in the cortex) and neural tissue (in the medulla)

Answer 54

Adrenal gland

Question 55

outer glandular region that has 3 layers that produce corticosteroids: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones

Answer 55

Adrenal cortex

Question 56

regulates mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions. also regulates water and electrolyte balance with kidney as the target organ

Answer 56

Mineralocorticoids

Question 57

promote normal cell metabolism, operate during resistance stage of the stress response, help resist long-term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels

Answer 57

Glucocorticoids

Question 58

these are prescribed as drugs to suppress inflammation for patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 58

Glucocorticoids

Question 59

small amounts are made throughout life and are secreted by innermost layer of the adrenal cortex

Answer 59

Sex hormones

Question 60

Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

Answer 60

Glucocorticoids

Question 61

Produced in outer adrenal cortex

Answer 61

Mineralocorticoids

Question 62

hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones leads to a condition called ___, characterized by a peculiar bronze-tone of the skin which resembles a sun tan

Answer 62

Addison’s Disease

Question 63

Can be a symptom of Addison’s Disease; a lessened ability to cope with stress/burnout and suppression of immune system thereby increasing susceptibility to infection

Answer 63

Hypoglycemia

Question 64

hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormone results to

Answer 64

Cusning's syndrome

Question 65

hypersecretion of sex hormones lead to ___ regardless of sex

Answer 65

Masculinization

Question 66

produces 2 similar hormones: catecholamines

Answer 66

Adrenal medulla

Question 67

these hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (“fight or flight”) by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels and dilating small passageways of lungs

Answer 67

Catecholamines

Question 68

Give some symptoms of hypersecretion of catecholamines

Answer 68

Rapid heart beat, high blood pressure, and perspiration

Question 69

located in the abdomen, close to stomach. called a mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions

Answer 69

Pancreas

Question 70

also called as islets of Langerhans, scattered among the exocrine tissue of the pancreas

Answer 70

Pancreatic islets

Question 71

these hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis

Answer 71

Insulin and glucagon

Question 72

unables the body to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels

Answer 72

Diabetes mellitus

Question 73

beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system, and so no insulin is produced

Answer 73

Type 1 diabetes

Question 74

the pancreas produces insulin but target cells do not take up glucose

Answer 74

Type 2 diabetes

Question 75

increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells

Answer 75

Insulin

Question 76

True or false. Insulin is produced by alpha cells

Answer 76

False. They are produced by beta cells

Question 77

Name the sign of diabetes mellitus: excessive urination to flush out glucose and ketones

Answer 77

Polyuria

Question 78

Name the sign of diabetes mellitus: excessive thirst

Answer 78

Polydipsia

Question 79

Name the sign of diabetes mellitus: hunger due to inability to use sugars and the loss of fat and protein in the body

Answer 79

polyphagia

Question 80

stimulates the liver to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels

Answer 80

Glucagon

Question 81

Produce sex cells and sex hormones

Answer 81

Gonads

Question 82

testosterone production is specifically stimulated by

Answer 82

Luteinizing hormone

Question 83

female gonads located in the pelvic cavity that produce eggs

Answer 83

Ovaries

Question 84

The 2 steroid hormones that ovaries produce

Answer 84

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 85

stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics ; mature the female reproductive organs

Answer 85

Estrogen

Question 86

acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle ; helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus ; helps prepare breasts for lactation

Answer 86

Progesterone

Question 87

male gonads suspended outside the pelvic cavity that produces sperm

Answer 87

Testes

Question 88

the most important androgen responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics and promoting growth and maturation of male reproductive system

Answer 88

Testosterone